How the CT Scan Tool

                                                          CT Scan. figure via atlantaworkerscompblog

What is a CT of the body?

CT-CAT scans are sometimes called noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat disease.

CT combines special x-ray machines with advanced computers to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body. These cross-sectional images of the surface of the test can be tested on a computer screen, printed or transferred to CD.

Traditional knowledge of the internal organs, bones, soft tissues and blood vessels provide greater clarity and reveal more detail than ordinary X-ray examinations.

Using specialized equipment and knowledge to create and interpret CT of the body, radiologists can more easily diagnose problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, appendicitis, trauma and disorders of the musculoskeletal system .

What are the most common applications of the procedure?

Traditional knowledge:

• One of the best and fastest tools of control of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, as it contains a detailed breakdown of all types of fabrics.
• Often the preferred method for diagnosing many different cancers, including lung, liver and pancreas, because the image allows the physician to confirm the presence of the tumor and measure its size, exact location and size of tumor involvement of other nearby tissues.
• Research, which plays an important role in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases that can lead to stroke, kidney failure and even death. CT is widely used to evaluate cases of pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lung vessels), and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA).
• Useful in diagnosing and treating spinal problems and the hands, feet and other skeletal structures because it can clearly show even very small bones and surrounding tissues such as muscles and blood vessels blood.

In children, CT is rarely used in the diagnosis of lung cancer or pancreatic tumors and aneurysms of the aorta. For children, CT is increasingly used to assess:

• Lymphoma
• Neuroblastoma
• Vascular malformations
• Kidney

Doctors use CT:

• Quickly identify injuries to the lungs, heart and blood vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines or other internal organs in case of injury.
• Guide biopsies and other procedures such as drainage of abscesses and minimally invasive treatment of tumors.
• Planning and evaluation of results of operations, such as organ transplants or gastric bypass.
• Planning and radiotherapy properly manage and monitor tumor response to chemotherapy.
• Measure the bone mineral density to detect osteoporosis.

How do I prepare?

Wear comfortable clothes for the examination. You can have a dress to wear during the procedure.

Metal objects, including jewelry, eyeglasses, dentures and hairpins may affect the CT images and should not be at home or removed before the examination. You may also be asked to remove hearing aids and removable dental work.

You may be asked not to eat or drink for several hours in advance, especially if a contrast material will be used for the examination. Tell your doctor before taking any medication, or if you have allergies. If you have a known allergy to contrast material or "dye", the doctor may prescribe medication to reduce the risk of allergic reactions.

You should also inform your doctor of any recent illness or other medical conditions, and if you have a history of heart disease, asthma, diabetes, kidney or thyroid problems. Each of these conditions can increase the risk of unusual adverse reactions.

Women should always inform your doctor and the CT technician if there is a possibility they are pregnant.

What is the material like?

scanner is usually a large box with a hole like a machine or a small tunnel in the center. You will lie on an examining table that slides into the narrow tunnel. Turning around you, x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors are located opposite each other in the ring, called the gantry. Computer workstation that processes the information image is in a separate room where the technician operating the scanner and monitoring of research.

via radiologyinfo

Techniques of Physical Examination

                                                           figure via depts.washington

The study is to evaluate the power to determine his state of health. Control techniques include palpation (feeling with hands and / or fingers), percussion (tapping fingers), auscultation (listening), and smell. A complete medical examination also includes gathering information about people, history and lifestyle, laboratory research and disease control. These elements constitute the data upon which to establish a diagnosis and a treatment plan is developed.

Target

Deadline for the annual survey has been replaced in most health care environments of periodic health examinations. The frequency with which it is based on factors such as age, sex, presence of risk factors for disease in the person of the test. Health professionals often use the guidelines that were developed by organizations such as the U.S. Preventive Task Force. Organizations like the American Cancer Society and American Heart Association, which supports detection and prevention of specific diseases, generally recommend testing more intensive and frequent, or to suggest that research into various organs.

Testing complete physical opportunities for health care professionals to obtain basic information on who can be useful in the future. They also allow health care providers to establish relationships before problems. Physical examination is the right time to answer questions and teach good health practices. Identifying and solving problems at an early stage can have beneficial effects of long-term results.

Everyone should have periodic physical examination. This occurs frequently (monthly at first) in infants and gradually reach a frequency of once a year for youth and adults.

Description

The complete study usually begins in the head and proceeds until the fingers. However, the exact mileage will vary depending on individual needs and preferences of the examiner has examined. The test takes on average about 30 minutes. The cost of testing depends on the charge for professional time and all the tests that are included in the price. Most health insurance plans for routine physical tests, including research.

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Before you ask the experts observe the person, the general appearance, general health and behavior. Measurements of height and weight are made. life, such as pulse, breathing rate, body temperature and blood pressure are recorded.

The suspect in a sitting position, after verification systems:

• Skin. The exposed areas of skin are observed; size and shape of any change is noted.
• Head. Hair, scalp, skull and face are examined.
• Eyes. The external structures are observed. internal structures can be observed using an ophthalmoscope (instrument lights) in a dark room.
• Ears. external control structures. otoscope instrument called light can be used for the internal control structure.
• Nose and sinuses. external nose is examined. nasal mucosa and internal structures can be observed using a nasal speculum and penlight.
• Mouth and throat. teeth lips, gums, palate, tongue and throat, are inspected.
• Neck. The lymph nodes on both sides of the neck and the thyroid gland is palpable.
• Return. The spine and back muscles are palpable, and checked for tenderness. Upper back, where are the lungs, is palpable on the left and right and the stethoscope is used to listen to breath sounds.
• Breasts and armpits. women's breasts are inspected with the arms relaxed and grew. The men and women, the lymph nodes in the armpits are felt in the hands of an expert. If the person is still sitting, movement in the joints of the hands, arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, and you can check.

Even if the person is lying on the table test, the test includes:

• Breathe. The breasts are palpated and control the masses.
• Front chest and lungs. surface inspection with the fingers, using palpation and percussion. Stethoscope is used to listen to breath sounds internal.

The head should be slightly raised to examine:

• Heart. Stethoscope is used to listen to heart rate and rhythm. The blood vessels of the neck are observed and palpable.

The suspect should be flat on the survey:

• The abdomen. Light and deep palpation is used on the abdomen to feel the contours of the internal organs, including liver, spleen, kidneys and aorta, large vessels.
• The rectum and anus. The person lying on the left side, outside areas are observed. The internal digital examination (using a gloved finger), is generally for people over 40 years. Among men, the prostate is palpable.
• Genital warts. external genitalia are controlled and the region examined hernia. Among men, the scrotum and testes are palpable. In women, an investigation is in the basin through a viewing window and the sample Papanicolaou (Pap) test can be taken.
• Feet. Laying flat, the legs are inspected for swelling, and pulses in the knees, thighs, feet and surrounded. Aine is the presence of palpable lymph nodes. Joints and muscles are observed.
• Musculo-skeletal disorders. The position of the person, the straightness of the spine and adjust the legs and feet is noted.
• The blood vessels. The presence of abnormally dilated veins (varicose), usually in the legs, is noted.

In addition to assessing individual alertness and mental capacity during the initial conversation, the control of the nervous system may include:

• Neurological screen. The individual's ability to make a few steps, hop, and it is deeply bent knee is observed. Force grip is felt. Sitting in an upright position, the reflexes in the knees and feet can be tested with a small hammer. The sense of touch in hands and feet can be evaluated by testing reaction to pain and vibration.
• 12-nerves in the head (skull) which are connected directly to the brain. Check the sense of smell and taste, muscle strength in the head, reflexes in the eye, facial movements, gag reflex, vision, hearing, and muscles of the jaw. muscle and overall coordination, and reaction to pain medications, such as pain, temperature and touch can also be evaluated.

Readiness Diagnostic

Each test should be comfortable and treated with respect by the research. As the study continues, the examiners should explain what they do and to share relevant findings. Use language appropriate to improve the efficiency of the suspect promotes better communication and, ultimately, the relationship between the subjects examined and the examiners.

Before coming to health care, registration dates and important facts about their medical history, and family members. There should be a complete list of all medications and their doses. This list should include counter preparations, vitamins and herbal supplements. Some people their medication bottles with them. Any questions or concerns about drugs should be recorded.

Before the examination, empty the bladder. Urine samples are usually collected in a small container at this time. The urine is tested for the presence of glucose (sugar), proteins and blood cells. For some blood tests, individuals can be told in advance not to eat or drink for 12 hours before the test.

Proposers usually remove all clothing and put on a hospital gown in bulk. sheet is to keep people covered and comfortable during the examination.

  

Maintenance

Once the review is completed, the suspect and an expert must examine the laboratory tests were ordered, why they were chosen, and how and with whom the results will be available. Health professionals should discuss recommendations for the treatment and visits. Special instructions should be written. It is also an opportunity for people to ask questions about their other health problems.

  

Risk

There is virtually no risk associated with physical examination. Complications of the process of physical examination are not uncommon. Sometimes useful information or data can be neglected. Most often, the results of laboratory tests related to compel doctors to reconsider re-check the person or body parts have already reviewed. In a sense, complications can arise from the results of physical examination. These generally lead to further research or medical treatment. They are really more beneficial than negative, as is often the beginning of the process of treatment and recovery.

Normal results

appropriate outcomes corresponds to a physical examination looking healthy and smooth functioning of the body. For example, appropriate reflexes will be present, no lumps or suspicious changes are found, and life will be normal.

Abnormal physical examination does not contain conclusions that indicate the presence of disease, illness or underlying condition. For example, the presence of lumps or changes, fever, muscle weakness or absence of signal, weak responses to light, arrhythmias, or swollen lymph nodes indicate health problems possible.

via surgeryencyclopedia

How To Work Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is one of the most important for the development of diseases of the uterus and fallopian tubes. The surgery in the management of benign adnexal that progress, carpentry, ovarian cystectomy, unilateral or bilateral ovaries and fallopian tubes, laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) with or without unilateral or bilateral salpingo-ovarian.

Ectopic Pregnancy

The risk of ectopic pregnancy is higher among white women. Increases three to four times in women 35-44 compared to bicycles of 15-24 years. About 64% of ectopic pregnancies in a bubble, where fertilization takes place. The recent rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancies has been attributed to the higher prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, delay the age, the sexual organ of the previous surgery successful clinical detection. Any condition that prevents or inhibits the migration of the fertilized ovum in the uterine cavity may predispose women to ectopic pregnancy.

                                                                 Figure: tubal pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy usually occurs in 99% of the fallopian tube. You can find it in :

• Warts (64%)
• Isthmus (25%)
• Bell (9%)
• Landlines (2%)
• Ovary (0.5%)
• Cancer of the cervix (0.4%)
• Stomach (0.1%)
• Intraligamental (0.05%)

Major risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy are:

• Current use of intrauterine devices 11.5%
• The use of clomiphene citrate 10%
• Before surgery tubal 5.6%
• Pelvic inflammatory disease 4.0%
• Infertility 2.9%
• Induced abortion 2.5%
• Accessions 2.4%
• abdominal surgery 2.3%
• Cancer T-shaped 2%
• Myomata 1.7%
• Progestin-only contraceptives 1.6%

If laparoscopy is planned, the location, size and nature of tubal pregnancy be determined. If the bleeding can be arrested or detained, respectively, of rupture of tubal pregnancy can be effectively treated endoscopically. After controlling the bleeding, the products of conception and blood clots will be removed. If more than 1500 cc hemoperitoneum, laparoscopic-cons is indicated. salt heparin should be used in cases of large hematomas. Require large extracorporeal connection ectopic.

10 mm suction instrument is used to clean the abdominal cavity. forced irrigation with saline solution should remove the clot and the fabric of peritonitis chorionic trophoblast, with minimal damage to the genital structures.

                                     Figure: salpingotomy ectopic pregnancy in the intact

For intact tubal pregnancy oviducts was identified and mobilized to reduce bleeding, 5 to 8 ml of the diluted solution containing 5 units vasopressin in 20 ml of saline is injected into the spinal needle 20 or by laparoscopy. Should be granted in mesosalpinx just below and above the surface of the section tubal ectopic pregnancy antemesentric containing the product. Needles do not add to the depth of intravascular blood vessels, because they can cause acute injection of hypertension, bradycardia, and one day can be fatal.

                                         Figure: salpingotomy ectopic pregnancy in the intact

After stabilization of the manifold in one hand and microelectrodes in the other, linear incision is made on the antimesenteric surface of the extension 1:59 cm in the thinnest parts of the tube. Fine needle should be used in cutting mode, and should barely touch the surface of the fabric. With electrosurgery, heat may spread if large tips are used on large surfaces in contact with the tissues. It is important to be aware of the existence or location of key structures in the neighborhood. If you're not careful gynecologists can not be a chance for injury to adjacent organs.

                                          Figure: suck intact trophoblast to ectopic pregnancy

Pregnancy normally protrude through the incision and slid slowly out of the pipe. You can gently teased to cut electricity or laparoscopic atraumatic forceps. Sometimes a strong opening of irrigation in the fallopian tubes can be removed from the establishment of pregnancy. What is pregnancy or extruded from the tube, some products of conception may request the siting of a ligamentous structure containing blood vessels. Using bipolar coagulation of this structure before removing the tissue. Depending on the size of the product even if the concept of an ectopic is usually removed 10 mm trocar sleeve.

Resection of the segment containing the tubal pregnancy is more salpingostomy isthemic pregnancy or pipe rupture or hemostasis is difficult to obtain. Segmental resection of the fallopian tubes is performed using a bipolar forceps or the harmonic scalpel. Automatic stapling or suturing designs can be used for bloodless resection of the fallopian tubes. Mesosalpinx if the bleeding should be cauterized with a bipolar, attention to the branch curve ovarian and uterine arteries anatomizing. Total salpingectomy is made by gradual coagulation and cutting mesosalpinx the proximal end of the fimbriae. It is separated from the uterus using bipolar coagulation and scissors. isolated segment of the fallopian tube containing the pregnancy removed intact or waste by the handle 10 mm trocar. The product design can be placed in a plastic bag and removed. Multifire stappeling salpingectomy devices require 10 mm trocar. If the fabric large and can not be processed by the cannula, endobag can be used to collect tissues.

Membership or other pathological processes such as endometriosis can be treated simultaneously in the removal of an ectopic pregnancy without significant extension of the action. Less than a week of hCG beta should return to baseline values, ie very low or undetectable.

                                                          Figure: salpingectomy

If the pregnancy is the pore may be associated with a traumatic rupture, hemorrhagic shock and there is an increase of twice the maternal mortality compared to other tubal pregnancies. Delayed diagnosis and increased vascularity of laparoscopy are difficult to do. 2-4% are interstitial ectopic. Anatomy of an ectopic pregnancy, is a growing recognition of its end. Traditional management is better for those words salpingectomy with or without resection of the cornea, and in some cases it may be difficult to remove the uterus. interstitial pregnancy may be suspected during laparoscopy, where large uterus and asymmetric line.

The majority of patients are carried out within 48 hours. A rate higher fertility rates of intrauterine pregnancy in subsequent pregnancies with laparoscopic techniques.

                                                           Figure: hemoperitoneum

Laparoscopic surgery is a good option for extra-uterine rupture and ectopic does not necessarily guarantee a laparotomy. If the patient is hemodynamically stable and preliminary studies indicate laparoscopic moderate blood loss, it may be possible to control the bleeding and to maintain certain laparoscopic procedures. If the patient is in Phase II or Stage III of shock, which has a large hemoperitoneum, laparotomy is the best choice. The management of ectopic pregnancy require a pelvic examination, the ectopic localization, aspiration and blood clots, location and control of bleeding points, or perform salpingectomy and in rare cases, ovaries are performed simultaneously.

Control of bleeding is the most critical procedures, methods, and many can try to achieve hemostasis in turn:

• Identification of bleeding after careful consideration, dry electro pole
• Administration of vasopressin in mesosal-pinx,
• Electro desiccation mesosalpinx,
• If the bleeding does not stop at these measures salpingectomy whole or in part, as part of the tube and the patient's desire for fertility.

After a good laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy, the patient can be discharged the next day. You should come to new FT-hCG in the serum one week after surgery to determine the end of an ectopic pregnancy. Ft-hCG level should be very low or undetectable one week after surgery. If it is above 20 mIU / ml, the blood test re-ordered two weeks later, when the FT-hCG was undetectable.

via laparoscopyhospital

How it Works Ultrasound

Ultrasound, also called sonography or ultrasonography, it requires disclosure of certain body parts to high-frequency sound waves to produce images from inside the body. Ultrasound does not use ionizing radiation (used in X-rays). Because ultrasound images are captured in real time, can show the structure and movement of internal organs, and blood flowing through blood vessels.

Ultrasound is a noninvasive test that helps physicians diagnose medical conditions and treatment. Pelvic ultrasound provides images of structures and organs of the abdomen or pelvis.

There are three types of pelvic ultrasound:

• Abdominal (transabdominal)
• Vagina (transvaginal, endovaginal) in women
• Rectal (transrectal) in men

 

Doppler ultrasound may be part of a gynecological ultrasound. Doppler is a special ultrasound technique to assess blood flow through a blood vessel in the agency's main arteries and veins of the abdomen, arms, legs and neck.

What are the most common applications of the procedure?

In women, abdominal or pelvic ultrasound usually performed to assess:

• Bladder.
• Ovaries.
• Uterus.
• Cervix.
• Fallopian tubes.

 

Pelvic ultrasound examinations are also used to monitor the health and development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy.

 

Ultrasound can help diagnose the symptoms experienced by women, such as:

• pelvic pain
• abnormal bleeding
• other menstrual problems

 

and help to identify:

• palpable mass, such as ovarian cyst and uterine
• uterine cancer or ovarian

 

Transvaginal ultrasound is usually performed to visualize the endometrium or lining of the uterus, including its thickness, and ovaries. transvaginal ultrasound also provides a good measure of the muscular wall of the uterus, called the myometrium. Sonohysterography allows more detailed studies of cancer of the mouth. These are usually done to detect:

• Uterine anomalies
• Uterine scar
• Endometrial polyps
• Uterine fibroids
• Cancer, particularly among patients with impaired uterine bleeding

 

Some doctors also use Sonohysterography in patients with infertility.

In men, abdominal or pelvic ultrasound used to assess:

• Bladder
• Vesicles
• Prostate

Among men and women, pelvic ultrasound can help identify:

• kidney stones.
• bladder tumors.
• other diseases of the bladder.

In children, abdominal ultrasound, or pelvic floor can help assess:

• Early or delayed puberty in girls.
• With pelvic pain
• appendicitis.
• abnormalities of ambiguous genitalia and pelvis.
• pelvic masses in children.

 

Pelvic ultrasound is also useful in procedures such as needle biopsy, in which needles are used for cell bodies of the sample testing laboratory.

 

Doppler ultrasound images can help the doctor to see and evaluate:

• barriers to the flow of blood (such as blood clots).
• vasoconstriction (which may be caused by plaques).
• cancer and birth defects.

via radiologyinfo