Information on Vertigo

Vertigo refers to a distinct feeling that is similar to a sensation of rotation or movement, which leads to dizziness. Do not dizzy or lightheaded dizziness associated with low blood pressure. Vertigo, rather, a sense of movement, while the body is in place. People with vertigo may feel that they are working or spinning or that the environment is actually moving or spinning, which leads to a feeling of vertigo. There are two varieties of vertigo. When there is no problem in the inner ear, or vestibular, which connects the inner ear that controls balance of the brain, this is called peripheral vertigo. Central vertigo diagnosed when there is a problem in the brain, usually in the back of the brain, the brainstem.

Core symptom of vertigo is a feeling-oriented, often feel the unit moves in or around a room or a feeling of peace of human movement. After symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, facial paralysis, double vision, blurred vision, slurred speech, weakness or limb or property.

Dizziness, causing internal problems of the ear can be caused by Benin positional vertigo, dizziness, which means that attacks may occur when the body is at the specified position. This may also result from drugs called aminoglycosides, injuries, labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease. Vertigo, which results from the vestibular nerve can be caused either generally or inflammation of the nerve compression. Vertigo, which comes from the brainstem may be caused by vascular disease, headaches, migraines, multiple sclerosis, or medications such as aspirin, anticonvulsants, or alcohol.

There is no evidence to support that there is a link to identify genetic risk factors for dizziness. In fact, only the diseases that can cause dizziness, are considered risk factors. Vertigo hit here, but the cause is usually quite quickly identified.

When a patient presents with symptoms of dizziness, the doctor will conduct a medical examination. The test may present problems such as issues of eye movements, lack of coordination, balance disorders, weakness, loss of sensation or. These signs indicate a central cause of vertigo. Tests can be done even if symptoms do not appear easily during a visit to the office. The tests may include MRI or MRA analysis of the blood vessels in the head, CT, caloric stimulation test responses of the eye, EEG, lumbar puncture, blood or electronystagmography.

Persistent dizziness or dizziness, which continues, it may very well affect things like labor, law, and other important aspects of daily life. It can also lead to serious failures that may occur in fractures, wounds, head injuries and even death. These complications can be anywhere from annoying to life-threatening, according to the severity of the head and how often they have an impact on the patient.

Before the treatment of vertigo can begin, you must identify the cause. More harm than good can come of dizziness causes of abuse. Antihistamines, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and promethazine can be used to treat symptoms of vertigo. The specific position of the head can cause vertigo attacks, and should therefore be defined as soon as possible, because even brief episodes of vertigo may be dangerous because of a bad situation. Your doctor may need to impose restrictions on activities such as driving, work and other daily activities especially when the cause of vertigo is necessary.

Those who suffer from vertigo long term need to understand their symptoms and ways of maintaining security in spite of these symptoms. Vertigo can cause serious accidents if left untreated and uncontrolled. dizziness control is the key to live a relatively normal life. Although you can have an episode of vertigo, is much more common in many episodes. Your doctor should be notified at the beginning of dizziness. If the vertigo episode was significantly different from other sections of dizziness, you should contact your doctor immediately. Vertigo should be taken seriously by doctors and patients. Patients should know that their head can hit the specific triggers, and learn to recognize these triggers.

via medical-look

Otoplasty Can Provide Solutions To Your Ears

Introduction

Congenital ears are cosmetic deformity, which may have serious emotional and behavioral impact on the child. Otoplasty is a description of procedures to give the ear a more natural appearance and anatomy.

The history of the procedure

In 1845, Dieffenbach described correction of traumatic ear deformities. In 1881, first described Ely otoplasty.1 performed cosmetic wedge excision of full thickness skin and cartilage of the conchal bowl to reduce the size of the ear. Throughout 1890, many of the skin and cartilage cutting techniques, to reduce the visible scars, have been used by Keen, religious and Cocheril. These procedures were most advanced in the first two years of the 20th century by Morestin who cut fragments elliptical skin and cartilage in 1903, Luckett, who tried to play antihelix in 1910, 2, and Kölle, who helped launch the elastic "shell ear" by the linear incision in 1911.

Over the next 20 years, tissue transplantation has become common practice, however, according to Alexander (1928), Demel (1935), and Eitner (1937), each used excisions conch cartilage Sharp performance and wrinkles skin often remains.

In 1940, Erich new mattress sutures and used to maintain the stability of the anti-helix and found that shaving the cartilage was cut and all the relevant passages. Mustard technique, which uses permanent sutures to maintain the best vintages, has gained popularity in the 1970s because of efficiency.3 use of permanent sutures to recreate antihelix remains in practice and not resection soft tissue postauricular to correct deformities of the ears. Most surgeons now perform cartilage savings nasal cartilage, which is incised or removed to achieve the folding of natural cartilage.

Problem

ears not to harm the image of the baby itself, until the child is older than 5 or 6 years, and the operation Lop ear deformity is best done before that age. In contrast, adults often have the nose for a long time to resolve defects. Before surgery, patients tend to style their hair to camouflage deformities. After surgery, patients often feel comfortable enough to wear short hair combed or backward.

Frequency

Five percent of Caucasians are affected. ears are genetic, 59% of those affected have a family, and the transmission is autosomal dominant with variable penetration. Since the inner ear develops independently of the ear, ears in patients with normal hearing generally, but other malformations (especially urogenital) may be present.

Etiology

The headset is developing in the uterus during weeks 6-16. Its six hills of first and second branchial arch. Most authors consider, first, second and third hills result from the first arc, and the hills are 4.6 arcsec. Streeter said that the first arc of hills that do not contribute to the tragus, crus helices, and the propeller, and the second arc is responsible for about 85% auricle.4

The chalet is fully formed at birth. 85% of adults aged 3 years and is nearly adult size was 5 or 6 years. The age of the unit, the extension of the graft seems to be a growth of the ear.

Pathophysiology

Streeter said that the shape of the ear is up and undistorted by submitting process.4 8-12 weeks during pregnancy, the propeller is growing and overhangs antihelix. Despite Streeter theory, most embryologists believe scroll antihelical develops in the next four weeks, medializing rim spiral. Scroll to the helical rim develops during the sixth week.

Presentation

ears can be in many forms, the ear of the cup, shell ear, bat ear, Machiavellian ear Lop ear. Many patients try to conceal the deformation of the hair.

History

questioning patients about excessive bleeding, poor wound healing, and keloid. The patient should be seen as intellectually and emotionally mature to collaborate with the regime postoperatively.

Study

Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the ear. Asymmetry and irregularities must be noted and discussed with the patient. The ears should measure 5-6 cm in height and the longitudinal axis must be installed at approximately 20 ° to the vertical. The headset must depart from the occipital head on no more than 35 °. Antihelix should be 75-105 ° angle between the skull and Concha scaphoid. Baja wines is generally well developed, but the common upper branches may be affected. Isolated upper limb hypoplasia superior results in the field of deformation, if the common branch also affects the entire ear appears lateralized.

The most common malformations in the ears is poorly antihelical over 90 degrees, there is often significant lateral projection bowl shell. additional strain field may contain a higher strain, a fragment of a nodule or head Darwinian.

The assessment, measurement and ear lateralization document. Document and demonstrate asymmetry patients pre-existing between the ears of the size, shape and location. Helix deformation of the contour to evaluate and assess its importance in the upper pole, middle part, and just above the fold. Antihelical examine the branches folding top, bottom, and often. lateral edge of the payment must be appropriately positioned in the plane of the spiral. Displaying the trap may be due to excess skin and tail medial Helicis earlier, the lack of identifying and correcting this mistake can ruin otherwise perfect result of the operation. Conchal sidewalls may extend excessively and may cause excessive lateralization of the helix and the helix, despite adequate antihelical done.

Take pictures before preoperative standard, sideways and diagonally. In addition, for the bird eye top and / or rear views can help document the lateralization. Close-up images and oblique lateral may be useful for analyzing the deformation of the individual in each ear.

Directions

Blepharoplasty is designed to correct ears that extend more than 20 mm, an angle greater than 35 ° since the occipital headache. One or more sub-units earache can be managed.

Relevant Anatomy

The headset is within the cartilage structure fibroelastic connective tissue and skin, and on the sides of the skin. Headset normal about 6 cm vertically. the helical rim is generally 12-20 mm of the apophysis of the head.

The headset is a complex structure in three dimensions (see figure below). the helical rim is smooth, curved arc extending forward of the propeller raw. This structure divides the bowl of the conch horn horns cymba top of the uterus and the worst. Helix is separated from the Concha helix, less than a structure that divides the upper and lower legs. Trough between the helix and scaphoid antihelical is lower, while between the two branches called the bottom triangularis antihelix. Below, two small growths in the form of cartilage tragus and separated intertragica antitragus indentation. Helicis tail extends backwards and antitragohelicina antitragus fissure separating the two.

Number of muscles insert into the cartilage of the ear. These muscles are rudimentary in most people. Superior auricular muscle inserts on the posterior surface of the bottom of the triangle. Atrial muscle joins the back of the ear to the mastoid process, while the number of muscles poorly developed internal (eg, atrial oblique, transverse, antitragal, tragus, major and minor muscles helical) are about front and back of the ear cartilage.

the blood supply to the ear behind the ear (posterior auricular surface) and surface weather (anterior auricular surface) arteries, which are branches of the end of the external carotid artery. sensory innervation auriculotemporal (V3) and the great auricular (C3), nerves, nerve of Arnold (CN X), and branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). lymphatic drainage to preparotid, occipital and high cervical ganglia.

Cons-indications

Nose surgery is cons-indicated in all patients with unrealistic expectations. Patients should receive appropriate preoperative counseling. Describe the existing asymmetries of the face, and emphasizes that restore balance to the facial anatomy is the goal of each operation. Patients unable or unwilling to cooperate with postoperative care are not candidates for surgery. Counselling patients with a history of hypertrophic scars or keloids, they can occur after the nose, perhaps distorting the otherwise excellent result of the operation.

via emedicine.medscape

Know The Anatomy Of Our Ears Closely

Ears not only for the hearing - is also important to control the position and sense of balance. Each ear is divided into three parts: outer, middle and inner ear. East and inner ear components are empty spaces on both sides of the head where the skull bones.

Outer Ear

Apart from the ear, consists of the ear and ear lobe. The ear is a shell of the outer ear and is composed of cartilage and skin. Load sound waves from the outside in the external ear canal (ear), which in turn channels the sound waves to the eardrum (better known as the eardrum). tympanic membrane is thin, translucent membrane, which connects the outer and middle ear.

Middle Ear

the middle ear space is filled with air, which contains three small bones (also known as the ossicles), called the hammer, anvil and stirrup (stapes). Sound waves reaching the eardrum cause vibrations. This vibration is then transmitted to the bone, which improves the sound and transmit vibrations to the oval window (the thin membrane between the middle and inner ear).

Eustachian tube is a narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat. When you swallow, your Eustachian tube is open to the air in the middle ear air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane is the same. In situations where there is a sudden change in air pressure (for example, takeoff and landing during air travel), the pressure in the middle ear is not the same as the pressure of outside air. You can do this swelling of the eardrum or withdrawn and less able to transmit the vibrations, causing temporary hearing problems. Ingestion or "popping" ears, you can offset the pressure.

Inner Ear

inner ear (labyrinth) contains two main structures - the cochlea, which is involved in hearing and vestibular system (composed of the semicircular canals, utricle and the sac), which is responsible for maintaining balance.

The cochlea is filled with a liquid which contains the organ of Corti - the structure, which contains thousands of sensory hair cells specialized projections called cilia. Vibration of the middle ear causes small waves in a fluid of the inner ear, which vibrates the eyelashes. The hair cells then convert the vibrations into nerve impulses, or signals that are sent through the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as sound.

Round window (cochlear Windows) is a membrane that connects the middle ear to the cochlea. It helps to eliminate vibrations in the cochlea.

semicircular canals also contain fluid and hair cells, but hair cells are responsible for detecting motion and no noise. After moving the head, the fluid in the semicircular canals (which sit at right angles to each other), and movements. The fluid motion is detected by hair cells, which then sends nerve impulses to the position of the head and body to the brain, allowing you to maintain your balance.

Utricle and work in a bag in the same manner as the semicircular canals, which allows a sense of body position relative to the weight and adjust behavior as needed.

via mydr