Signs and Symptoms of Shock Cardiogenic

Cardiogenic (kar-dee-oh-JE-nik) is a state of shock, in which the weakened heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the organization. It is a medical emergency and is fatal if not treated immediately. The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is damage to the heart muscle with a severe heart attack.

  

Not everyone who has a heart attack develops cardiogenic shock. In fact, less than 10 percent of people who have a myocardial infarction development. But when there is no cardiogenic shock, it is very dangerous. For people who die of a heart attack at the hospital, cardiogenic shock is the most common cause.

What is a Concussion?

The use of the term "shock" refers to a condition in which not enough blood and oxygen to obtain important organs in the body such as brain and kidneys. In a state of shock, those with blood pressure is very low.

The shock can be many different reasons. Cardiogenic shock is one reason why the shock.

Other causes of shock are:

• Hypovolemic (HY-Voe-poe-LEE-mik) shock. It's a shock because not enough blood in the body. The most common cause is severe bleeding.
• Vasodilation (VAZ-oh-oh-Dile-tor-ee) the shock. In this type of shock, blood vessels relax too much and cause very low blood pressure. When blood vessels are too relaxed, there is not enough pressure to push blood through them. Without sufficient pressure, blood does not reach the organs. Bacterial infection in the blood, severe allergic reaction or damage to the nervous system (brain and nerves) may result in expansion of shock.

When a person is in shock (for whatever reason), it is not enough blood or oxygen reaches the organs of the body. If the shock lasts more than a few minutes due to lack of oxygen to the body begins to cause damage. If the shock is not treated early, organ damage can become permanent, a person can die.

Some of the symptoms of shock are:

• Confusion or lack of vigilance
• Unconsciousness
• Sudden, rapid heart
• Sweating
• Pallor
• Weak pulse
• Breath
• Decreased urine output or not
• Cool hands and feet

If you suspect you or someone you are in shock, call 911 and to undergo emergency treatment immediately. Early treatment can prevent or limit permanent damage to the brain and other organs and can prevent death.

Perspective

In the past, almost no one survived the cardiogenic shock. Now, thanks to improved treatment, about 50 percent of people who go into cardiogenic shock survive.

Therefore, people increasingly survive through treatment of cardiogenic shock (drugs and devices) that restore blood flow to the heart and the heart to pump more. In some cases, devices that support the pumping function of the heart are used. The implantation of these devices require major surgery.

What are the causes of cardiogenic shock?

Immediate

Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart can not pump enough blood to the body. It usually occurs when the left ventricle does not work, because the muscle is not enough blood and oxygen due to heart attack continuously. weakening of the heart muscle does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

In about 3 percent of cases of cardiogenic shock, right ventricle does not work. This means that the heart can not pump blood efficiently to the lungs where oxygen in the blood rises to the heart and the rest of the body.

When the heart does not pump enough blood to the rest of the body, organs (such as brain and kidney) did not have enough oxygen and can be damaged. Some things that can happen are as follows.

• Cardiogenic shock can cause death if the blood flow and oxygen to the organs is not restored quickly. Therefore, the emergency medical treatment is necessary.
• When the authorities did not have enough blood and oxygen and stop working, cells die in the organs, agencies and can not return to normal operation.
• As some authorities do not act, they can cause problems with other bodily functions. What may make the impact worse. For example: a). When kidneys do not function properly, levels of important chemical changes in the body. This can cause heart and other muscles become even weaker, limiting blood flow even more. b). When the liver is not functioning properly, the body stops making the proteins that cause blood clotting. This can lead to bleeding if the shock over the loss of blood.
• As in the brain, kidneys and other organs recover depends on how long a person is in shock. More time in shock, the less damage to organs. This is another reason why it is so important to get medical help immediately.

Who is at risk of cardiogenic shock?

The factor most common risk of cardiogenic shock is a heart attack. If you had a heart attack, the following factors may increase the risk of cardiogenic shock:

• Old age
• A history of myocardial infarction or heart failure
• About coronary heart disease in all major blood vessels, heart

What are the signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock?

The lack of blood and oxygen to the brain, kidneys, skin and other parts of the body causes the symptoms of cardiogenic shock. The symptoms of cardiogenic shock include:

• Confusion or lack of vigilance
• Unconsciousness
• Sudden, rapid heart
• Sweating
• Pallor
• Weak pulse
• Breath
• Decreased urine output or not
• Cool hands and feet

If anyone of you about these symptoms, immediately call 9-1-1 for emergency medical treatment. Early treatment can prevent or limit permanent damage to the heart and other organs and can prevent sudden death.

How is it diagnosed cardiogenic shock?

The first step in the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock is an indication that the person is in shock. At this point, medical assistance should be established.

After starting emergency treatment, doctors can find the cause of shock. If the reason is the shock that the heart does not pump strongly enough, the diagnosis is cardiogenic shock.

The tests that are useful in the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock include:

• Blood pressure. With a simple blood pressure cuff and stethoscope, the doctor can determine if a person has a very low blood pressure, most trade shock. This can easily be done before the patient reaches the hospital. A very low blood pressure may also have less serious causes, including simple and low side effects of drugs such as medication to treat hypertension.
• ECG (electrocardiogram). This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity, measuring the speed and regularity of the heart. Doctors use the ECG to diagnose a severe heart attack and monitor the condition of the heart.
• Chest radiograph. This test takes pictures of organs and structures inside the chest, including the heart, lungs and blood vessels. Ray chest shows whether the heart is enlarged, if there is fluid in the lungs, which can be a symptom of cardiogenic shock.
• Echocardiography. This test uses sound waves to create an animated image of the heart. Echocardiography provides information on the size and shape of the heart and how heart chambers and valves are working. The test can also identify areas of myocardial infarction, which normally are not institutions. Not enough blood flows in these areas.
• Angiography. This study is an x-ray of the heart and blood vessels. The doctor passes a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into an artery in the leg or arm to the heart. Catheter can measure the pressure inside the various chambers of the heart. Dye, who can be seen on x-ray is injected into the blood through the catheter. Dye allows the doctor to examine blood flow through the heart and blood vessels, and I see no obstacles exist.

certain blood tests are also used to diagnose cardiogenic shock, including:

• Arterial blood gas measurement. In this study, a sample of blood from the artery to measure oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH (acidity) in the blood. Doctors looking for abnormalities in these levels that are associated with a shock.
• cardiac enzymes. When heart cells die, they release enzymes in the blood called markers or biomarkers. The measurement of these indicators can show if the heart is damaged and the extent of damage.
• Studies that measure the function of various organs such as kidneys and liver. If these authorities do not work too well, this may be a sign they are not enough blood and oxygen, which may be a sign of cardiogenic shock.

What is the treatment of cardiogenic shock?

Cardiogenic shock is life threatening and requires emergency medical treatment. In most cases, cardiogenic shock is diagnosed after a person has been admitted to hospital for a heart attack. If the person is no longer in the hospital, emergency treatment can begin as soon as medical personnel to arrive.

The objectives of the emergency treatment of cardiogenic shock is the first time in the treatment of shock, then in the treatment of the cause or causes of shock.

Sometimes both the current and its causes are treated in the same time. For example, physicians can quickly open blocked blood vessels that cause heart damage. Often, the patient's blood vessel opening may be in shock, with an additional treatment or almost.

Emergency Life Support

life in the emergency treatment is necessary to support all types of shocks. This procedure will get the blood flowing and oxygen to the brain, kidneys and other organs. Restoration of blood flow to organs is essential to keep the patient alive and trying to prevent long term damage to organs. life sustaining treatment in an emergency include:

• Giving patients extra oxygen to breathe, so that more oxygen reaches the lungs, heart and the rest of the body.
• Give the patient fluids, including blood and blood products, through the needle into the vein (in the case where the shock due to blood loss). The introduction of more blood in the bloodstream can help you get more blood to major organs and the rest of the body. Typically, this is not to cardiogenic shock, because the heart can not pump the blood that are already in the body and too much fluid in the lungs, making breathing difficult.

Drugs

During and after the life of emergencies, doctors are trying to find out what is causing the shock. If the reason is the shock that the heart does not pump strongly enough, the diagnosis is cardiogenic shock.

Depending on what is the cause of cardiogenic shock, treatment may include medications:

• Increasing the force with which the heart muscle contracts
• Treatment of myocardial infarction, which may cause electric shock

The medical devices and procedures

Apart from drugs, any drug that may help the heart pump and improve blood circulation. Equipment commonly used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock include:

• Balloon pump intra-aortic. This unit is located in the aorta (main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body). A large balloon at the end of the device is inflated and break the rhythm, which is identical to the rhythm of cardiac pump function. This helps to weaken the heart muscle that pumps blood, as much, and gets more blood to vital organs like the brain and kidneys.
• Angioplasty and stents. Angioplasty is a procedure used to restore blood flow in coronary arteries and blocked for a period of treatment of a heart attack. Stent is a small device that is placed in a coronary artery during angioplasty to help keep them open.

Surgery

Sometimes, medicines and medical devices are not sufficient for the treatment of cardiogenic shock. Operations to restore blood flow to the heart and the rest of the body and repair damage to the heart. The operations can help keep the patient alive while recovering from the shock and increase the chances of long-term survival.

Types of operations used to treat the causes of cardiogenic shock include:

• CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting). In this operation, arteries or veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass (get around) narrowed coronary arteries.
• Operations to repair damaged heart valves.
• Operation repair breaks in the wall between the two chambers of the heart. This break is called a rupture of the septum.
• Setting the device to assist heart pumps blood to the body. This device is called a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or mechanical circulatory support. This treatment can be carried out if the damage to the left ventricle is the cause of shock. implant is battery operated pump, which takes over the pumping action of the heart.
• Heart transplantation. It is rarely performed in emergency situations such as cardiogenic shock due to other options available devices and surgery. In addition, doctors need to test very carefully to ensure you have the benefits of heart transplantation and to find suitable donor heart. However, in some cases, doctors may recommend a transplant, they consider the best way to increase their chances of survival for patients long term.

via heart.org

Signs and Symptoms of Dyslipidemia

Some people have a low HDLC ( less than 35 mg / dL) and other disorders of lipid metabolism. These disorders are called "fat" or "dyslipoproteinemias" and are most likely caused by genetic defects deterioration of poor nutrition (obesity can cause serious some of these problems). Dyslipidemia is an increase in plasma cholesterol and / or TG or low HDL level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Causes may be primary (genetic) or secondary. The diagnosis is the measurement of total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins individual. treatment changes in diet, exercise and lipid-lowering drugs.

Dyslipidemia currently affects approximately 10% of the world population. It is becoming more frequent and medically necessary for the modification of lipid medications in obese patients and patients with type 2 A large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes have abnormal levels of lipoproteins. In the U.S., Japan and Europe there are over 240 million people with abnormal levels of lipoproteins. Of these, more than 55 million high lipoprotein (HDL) and / or high triglycerides.

There is no natural border between normal and abnormal, because the measures of lipids in lipid levels are continuous. There is probably a linear relationship between lipid levels and cardiovascular risk, as people with "normal" cholesterol benefit of reaching a level even lower. Therefore, there is no numerical definition of dyslipidemia is used in relation to serum lipids, whose treatment has been beneficial. Evidence of benefit is the greater reduction of high levels of LDL, is a smaller reduction in TG high and low HDL cholesterol increased, partly because of high TG and low HDL are methods of cardiovascular risk in women than among men. This scanning electron microscope shows a cross section of color coronary atherosclerosis, fatty plaque (in yellow). diet rich in cholesterol may reduce the blood flow and lead to blood clots or blockages.

The Etiology and Classification

Dyslipidemia traditionally been classified according to the design elevation of lipids and lipoproteins. A more practical categorizes primary or secondary dyslipidemias are characterized only by increasing the concentration of cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia pure or simple), only an increase in triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia pure or isolated), an increase in both cholesterol and TG (mixed or combined hyperlipidemia).

This system does not take into account the specific lipoprotein abnormalities (eg, low HDL or high LDL), which may contribute to disease despite normal cholesterol and TG. The main reason they are single or multiple genetic mutations that lead either to overproduction or defective clearance of TG and LDL cholesterol, or shortages or excessive play in HDL cholesterol. The primary lipid disorders are suspected when a patient has physical symptoms of dyslipidemia (see lipid disorders: symptoms), the premature onset of atherosclerosis ( less than 60 years), family history of atherosclerosis, or cholesterol serum more than 240 mg / dl ( more than 6.2 mmol / L). primary disorder, the most common cause of dyslipidemia in children, do not cause a significant proportion of adults. Reflecting the names of several of the old nomenclature, in which lipoproteins have been detected and identified by how divided the α (HDL) and β (LDL) teams gel electrophoresis.

Secondary causes contribute to most of dyslipidemia in adults. The leading causes of school in developed countries is a sedentary lifestyle, excessive consumption of cholesterol, fat, saturated fat and trans fatty acids (TFA). TFA are polyunsaturated fatty acids with added hydrogen atoms, are widely used in many processed foods and saturated fats in atherosclerosis. Other common secondary causes are diabetes, alcohol abuse, chronic renal failure and / or failure, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis and other cholestatic liver diseases and medications such as diuretics thiazide, β-blockers, retinoids, very active antiretroviral agents, estrogen and progestin, and glucocorticoids.

Diabetes is particularly important that the secondary cause of atherosclerosis in patients also have a combination of high TG, high small dense LDL and low HDL fractions (dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia hyperapo B). Patients with type 2 diabetes are particularly at risk. The connection may be a consequence of obesity and / or poorly controlled diabetes, which can increase traffic AGL, which results in increased hepatic VLDL production. TG-rich VLDL TG and then transmits the LDL and HDL to promote the establishment of TG-rich, small dense LDL and HDL clearance of TG-rich. Diabetic dyslipidemia is a significant increase in caloric intake and physical inactivity, which are characteristic of the style of life in patients with type 2 among women with diabetes may be at particular risk for heart disease with this form.

Symptoms may

Dyslipidemia himself no symptoms but can lead to symptomatic vascular disease, including coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. High TG ( more than 1000 mg / dL [ more than 11.3 mmol / L]) can cause acute pancreatitis. High levels of LDL can cause eyelid xanthelasma, corneal arcus and tendon xanthomas located in the Achilles, elbow, knee and tendon and metacarpophalangeal joints. Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia can form above and flat or cutaneous xanthomas. Patients with elevated TG are serious eruptive xanthomas on the trunk, shoulders, knees, buttocks, knees, hands and legs. Patients may have rare dysbetalipoproteinaemia hands and tuberous xanthomas.

Severe hypertriglyceridemia (more than 2000 mg / dL [more than 22.6 mmol / l]) gives the retinal arteries and veins creamy white appearance (lipemia retina). Very high concentrations of lipids also provide nursing care (milky) appearance of blood plasma.

Treatment

When a diagnosis of genetic disease of lipid metabolism, you must adhere to a diet very strict and complex, and perhaps also take drugs. This is a situation where it must be perceived by experts like Dr. Tapp lipid rather than a GP. Because each of these disorders is very unique and manifests itself differently in different patients, you must work with the healthcare provider to develop an optimal plan. The treatment is based on a combination of different strategies:

• The loss of weight. This is the most important strategy for overweight people
• Low calorie diet, rich in nutrients, essential fatty acids. adequate vitamins and minerals
• Exercise
• Combinations of drugs

Medicines are in several categories, each category is particularly useful for the type of disorder. Some increase in HDL cholesterol and TG decline in aid, others to reduce total cholesterol and LDL. Your doctor must spend considerable time analyzing problems to determine the cause of their lipid disorders and the best types of drugs for the disease.

Once a decision is reached on the types of drugs to use, we must decide in each type of drug and dose. These decisions relate to the finer aspects of each state. Sometimes you try drugs for a while, then switch to another type to see which one works better and has fewer side effects. Furthermore, drugs can change minimize side effects.

The drug combination may allow a physician to prescribe lower doses of both drugs, thereby reducing the risk of side effects. Remember: all drugs have side effects, and many long-term adverse effects can not be known, because each person has different genes and probably everyone reacts differently to medicine.

via tappmedical

How Our Heart Function

Please put your thinking the limit of two other points. We will try to make it as painless as possible. We also recommend that you become familiar with the physiology and pathophysiology points more than once because they are the basis of symptoms and treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). Let ....

                                                   figure The Cardiac Cycle via xaraxone

Before going into details of how this works in the normal heart and no heart, you may be exposed to additional conditions. This will be repeated several times in terms of our discussion on the physiology and pathophysiology.

1. Cardiac output, the number of cc of blood the heart pumps through the body in minutes.
     --- Stroke volume - the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each heartbeat.

2. Heart rate, how many times a heart beats per minute.
    --- Withdrawal - refers to the inner strength to the heart muscle to contract and pump blood.

3. End-diastolic - the amount of blood in the left ventricle after cardiac relaxation phase (diastole)
   --- Consumption of myocardial oxygen (MVO2) the amount of oxygen required by the heart muscle to spasm.

4. Preload, the amount of blood in the ventricle of the heart, which remained over the previous contraction (diastolic end) and the amount of blood given to the ventricular venous system (superior vena cava is).
    --- Load - refers to the resistance of the meeting of the left ventricle as it tries to eject blood to the body.

5. Infusion, blood flow sufficient to target organs and many cells.
   --- Contraction, the heart contracts

6. Diastole when the heart rests between beats
    --- Venous return of blood to the heart brought on venous blood flow

The entire circulatory system is the provision of individual cells in each body a sufficient flow of blood (called perfusion), which gives them the nutrients and oxygen they need. When these cells have what they need to perform their normal functions. Thus, the kidneys, which means it can filter the waste. For the muscles, which means they can make a move. For the liver, which means that liver cells can soak drug metabolism in the body. The corresponding equivalent perfusate which reduces how much the heart can provide these cells. adequate cardiac output is necessary for infusion.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart cc per minute. Determinants of cardiac output theheart rate (measured in beats per minute) and stroke volume (in cc of blood ejected with each heartbeat). The heart's ability to increase cardiac output is a very good thing. When you run a great distance, the muscle cells need more fuel than they are at rest. When the heart rate and increases with the amount of blood ejected with each heart beat (heart palpitations and stroke volume). This increased perfusion of muscle cells, and they are more oxygen, glucose and electrolytes. The increase in perfusion and allows them to get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste. Therefore, the muscles that run faster and stronger.

Several factors influence the cardiac output :

• Preload
• Load
• Withdrawal muscle strength of each contraction of the heart
• Heart rate, how many times a heart beats per minute
• Scalability, the ability to stretch the muscles of the heart and return to normal
• Synergy contraction, in a coordinated heartbeat.

To discuss more understandable than the preload and load:

Preload (End Diastolic Volume)

It is a process of priming the pump and for practical reasons, is composed mainly of blood, which veins between the left and right atrium (atrial fibrillation). Occurs in that split second when the heart does not beat what you know, is called diastole. We also call for the end-diastolic volume preload, as is the volume of blood in the ventricle of the heart at the end of diastole (just before systole). Technically, the preload is equal to venous return and left ventricular volume in the last contraction.

The volume increases preload brain. It is good to a point. This means that the quantity of blood from the posterior vena cava and the vena cava anterior to provide the right amount of blood the heart needs. This means a sufficient amount of blood comes from the lungs (pulmonary veins) to supply the left heart to the amount of oxygenated blood must be supplied by the organization.

In a normal resting state is constant preload. In the case of the beginning of the exercise you need to bring more blood to the muscles to their needs. venous system will bring more blood into the chambers of the heart during diastole (preload), so the heart can eject more blood with each beat (increased stroke volume). In addition, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia). Increase the volume of the brain and the heart increases cardiac output in the form above.

Increasing the preload increases afterload, which increases the volume chamber. Yes, now we'll talk about the afterload.

Afterload

The charge refers to the resistance of the meeting of the left ventricle in trying to eject blood into the aorta, where agreements. Also refers to the resistance of the right of the meeting, since the blood flows into the lungs to get a fresh supply of oxygen. We return to this later, for the moment to think how, how much heart to pump against the pressure in the aorta to get blood moving.

vascular resistance is like a contraction or expansion of the artery as the blood flows through it. Blood pressure is a synonym for our discussion. You already know that the arteries constrict and expand continuously, all based on the needs of the organization in general and in particular they carry blood. To return to our scenario above the muscle, but an increase in cardiac output, cardiovascular system also causes the arteries (range) for the muscles, which also contributes to their infusion. This concept of blood pressure is very important that we include it in more detail.

Normal regulation of blood pressure involves many complex metabolic processes. Many body systems are affected, including the nervous system and kidneys, cardiovascular system and endocrine system. It is a very sophisticated system that can make changes minute in a rapid response to changing physiological needs.

It is part of our brain and spinal cord, which continuously monitors the normal physiological process that happens in the body. performs many functions, many of them critical to our survival that we are not even aware. A portion of our brain and spinal cord that is not the so-called autonomic nervous system (ANS). ANS that continuously monitors blood flow and blood pressure. It does this by controlling the pressure in structures called baroreceptors located near major blood vessels.

NSA when it detects drop in blood pressure, activates a complex set of physiological processes to maintain adequate blood pressure and thus the blood supply to vital organs like the brain and heart. YEARS said juxtaglomelular camera in the renal secretion of renin bloodstream.Renin transforms the relationship of angiotensin I to angiotensin angiotensin I circulates in the lungs, where inhibitors of the enzyme (ACE), it turns into angiotensin II, which led to a significantly increased constriction of blood vessels in the body in general. Angiotensin II increases the secretion of adrenal hormone aldosterone, which further increases the narrowing of the arteries (increased load) and increases venous stenosis (increase preload) and sodium and water retention increased ( increased preload). The end result is a narrowing or constriction of blood vessels in many other vital organs, which increases the blood pressure of critical organs like the heart and brain.

An Analogy Hose

By analogy, how to use his heart, like a snake and the blood vessels that irrigate the lawn with water. authority lawn look like the liver, as well as the individual blade of grass in the liver cells. When you turn the hose is only slightly lower pressure (low blood pressure) in the pipe, and you can not water your lawn well. Each blade of grass is not enough water, so there is inadequate perfusion. If you turn the faucet on the road increases the stroke volume leading to increased production incardiac. This increases blood pressure (high pressure) in the pipe, and all grass is enough water (better perfused). Kurek is the cardiac output, flow through a garden hose is your blood pressure, the amount of water every blade of grass receives an infusion.

In our analogy of a snake, it preloads the amount of city water supply to the stem (the water company is to make the venous blood to the heart). The load corresponds to how much force is necessary to obtain the appropriate amount of tap water to the lawn (adequate perfusion). When you change the pipes and connect the one that is smaller in diameter (an increase of vascular resistance), life is more necessary than tap water (more expense) to provide as much water your lawn (infusion appropriate). This means that tap water should do more work. If the valve is the heart, it means that more difficult to conclude that the blood to all cells in the body. A healthy heart is with this challenge, the heart is not sick.

So now, let's see what happens when all this was a complex physiological problem, a process that we call pathophysiology.

Pathophysiology of Heart Disease
There is a difference between heart disease and heart failure. In the heart of heart disease a kind of irregularity. If small enough, the heart is unable to provide adequate perfusion in the cells and there is no problem. In heart failure, the heart does not maintain adequate perfusion for the proper functioning of cells. Animals that are relatively inactive may be able to avert the effects of heart failure for the animals more active, because they do not challenge the cardiovascular system. But he has a bad side, because the symptoms of heart failure are finally visible to the owner, the disease is well entrenched and difficult to treat.

When the heart does not start (decrease in cardiac output) is the result of either 1) a reduction in stroke volume, or 2), abnormal heart rhythm:

1. Stroke volume may decrease secondary to a reduction in preload (shock, dehydration, bleeding), low shrinkage (cardiomyopathy), increased afterload, or malfunction of the heart valves (endocardiosis, patent arterial cable) or the fluid around the heart (tamponade).
2. Disorders of the heart are called cardiac arrhythmias, and this is due to problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart. The slowness of the heart (bradycardia), cardiac output will fall on the model has already been exposed to before. The high heart rate (tachycardia), cardiac output decreases because there is not enough time to fill the ventricles with blood during diastole. Therefore, if during the contraction of the heart is ejecting blood into the aorta, is throws less blood with each beat.

In both cases, heart failure is usually the result of the chronic process. This gives time to adjust to the body a small amount of inadequate perfusion in the early stages of heart failure. compensatory mechanisms are initiated to increase the blood supply to the cells. Initially, these compensatory changes work quite well. So good, in fact, they do not notice the first signs of heart failure in animals. Over time, however, in the heart is not out yet, and compensate for these changes will not work. In fact, become pests. That's when you start noticing the symptoms of heart failure.

In terms of units, insufficient blood supply to cells in heart failure mimics what happens when a healthy animal loses a significant amount of blood or passes in shock. The shock is the collapse of the cardiovascular system, resulting in blood flow decreased significantly in the cells. This can cause death if not treated quickly. A good example is the shock when the animal is struck by a car.

A number of compensatory measures are included in the composition of the animal with shock in terms of cardiovascular or circulatory. Insufficient volume of the circulatory system (preload) to maintain the heart. Therefore, the body activates compensatory measures to increase the blood pressure drops (by increasing vascular resistance) and depression increased cardiac output (by increasing contractility, increased heart rate and increased preload) to maintain perfusion of vital organs (brain and heart). While these measures may work adequately for a short period of adjustment shock, they are harmful if the shock lasts more than a few weeks, which is exactly what happens in heart disease. Unfortunately, the body reacts to all situations which reduces cardiac output in the same way a shock, even if it is heart failure, not a shock that causes poor blood flow to cells. Let countervailing measures and how they contribute to the cascading series of events leading cardiac congestive heart failure (CHF).

Heart does not lead to a weakening of the heart. The body responds first by increasing the heart rate and contractility and thus cardiac output, leading to an increase in the cell infusion. Autonomic nervous system also tightens selective peripheral arteries, which leads to increased blood pressure to vital organs, and yet, more than perfusion in their cells. This increases the blood pressure has increased the burden, putting further pressure on the heart is not as it tries to push the blood more resistance. Autonomic nervous system increases the pressure in the venous system, which brings more blood to the heart, increasing preload. Have you heard of any Section of Physiology, we are just a review.

How to increase the contractility of the heart is increased oxygen demand, which can lead to arrhythmias. If the arrhythmia is so serious, coordinated heartbeat is reduced and a further reduction in cardiac output occurs. This monitor the electrocardiogram (ECG).

Since redistribution of blood flow YEARS maintain cardiac output, heart and brain (as is the case in shock), away from peripheral vascular beds. This involves maintaining blood pressure at the appropriate level. It is the transfusion of blood in the internal organs and other important organs in the body, eventually leading to pale mucous membranes, slow capillary refill time, and cold extremities. Regarding implementation, the blood is diverted from the intestine, interfering with the absorption of food. If severe enough, can become an intestinal ulceration and bleeding begin.

Blood is diverted by the kidney, reducing its efficiency by reducing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The result is an accumulation of more sodium and water retention increased, leading to increased blood pressure and preload and load more. This causes the increase in the amount of waste that accumulated in the bloodstream. You can find more information about the waste on our kidneys.

As the volume (preload) is still growing, the pressure in the ventricle of the heart increases.If he will be in the left heart, the cons-pressure builds in the pulmonary veins, causing leakage through the walls of these vessels and the actual lung tissue (alveoli). The result is pulmonary edema which is an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, the very area where the carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange. This fluid can significantly affect the exchange. the blood supply to the cells is unnecessary if the red blood cells that supply oxygen to these cells lack oxygen molecules in their use of the cells. Not only do we have a heart that is not enough infusion of cells with oxygen, we also have red cells that have problems finding fresh oxygen. This double whammy affects all organs, and even the heart. This results in a vicious circle develops where the body can not escape.

This is a severe pulmonary edema. This is the point of intersection of the lungs of a cat, who died of cardiomyopathy.

If the increase in preload occurs in the right heart, the pressure builds up in the veins, which provide two atria. From the back returns the blood from the inferior vena cava of the abdomen, increasing pressure to cause leakage of fluid from the inferior vena cava and in the abdomen. This is called ascites. Do ascites or pulmonary edema occurs depends on whether this problem occurs more in the left heart or the heart to the right. It can occur in both cores, as part of the liquid accumulated in the body cavities of many.

The increase in preload causes a significant increase in cardiac output to normal, but only a slight increase in stroke volume is not left to the heart. Thus, this smoothing mechanism has only a slightly positive effect on the blood supply to the cells. Conversely, a reduction in preload cause a significant decrease in cardiac output to normal, but only a slight reduction in stroke volume at heart.Therefore not a marked reduction in preload in the context of inadequate Cardiac resolve pulmonary edema or ascites, only a slight reduction in stroke volume. It is a great clinical importance. Some drugs that are used in heart has not taken advantage of their opportunities significantly lower preload, without affecting stroke volume. Until the final result of body cells infusion relatively satisfactory, but no pulmonary edema or ascites. Although the cells are not fully met, the animal feels much better, because it is less accumulation of fluid in the lungs and abdomen. In addition, less accumulation of fluid in the lungs of oxygen allows precise and exchange of carbon dioxide, which at least one physiological process is essential. We do not have an obvious problem with drugs that reduce, but at least make the animal feel much better, and better exchange of oxygen. This is huge for the animal or person who is literally drowning in the fluid in the lungs.

Other changes in compensation, which occurs when there is inadequate perfusion of cells is to increase the load. This occurs because the body tries to elevate blood pressure to critical organs like the heart and brain, which in theory gives them greater infusion of cells. As explained above, the body increases blood pressure by several mechanisms. Now you do not have the heart to pump against higher pressure (over load), which reduces the stroke volume and cardiac disorders. The load changes are more significant effect on stroke volume in the heart not the normal heart. Opportunity to improve cardiac output by reducing afterload (antihypertensives) is one of the main achievements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We will discuss these drugs in the treatment section. These are the same drugs people use them to reduce blood pressure.

Many other changes occur heart failure progresses.We already know that the increase in heart rate increases cardiac output. It is good for blood cells, but becomes self limiting when the heart rate increased to a point (180-250 beats per minute for the dog) that is less time to fill the ventricles blood during diastole. This leads to insufficient blood is pumped by the heart during ventricular contraction. Increased heart rate increases oxygen consumption by the heart muscle leads to arrhythmias work because it becomes increasingly difficult. In addition, the heart muscle and requires an adequate blood supply to provide oxygen and nutrients, like all other cells in the body. The blood flow to the heart than during diastole, and heart rate, heart disease spend less time in diastole. The end result is that the heart does not even faster.

As the heart still heart still growing and the heart muscle receives less infusion. Finally got to the point where the normal heart rhythm coordinated electrical could more correctly, and cardiac arrhythmias occur. In this context arrhythmias can significantly reduce the stroke volume of the heart and can quickly spiral out of control. That's when the state is critical, generally see these animals in case of emergency.

Heart failure can also occur in conditions where the heart is the production of a normal cardiac output, but the metabolic needs of tissues will be increased. Diseases such as anemia hyperthyroidismor cats fall into this category. In this way, heart failure can occur under conditions where the strength of heart muscle appears normal, but the authorities must infusion is so big, healthy heart can not keep up with demand.

If the left heart is sick does not pump enough blood (decreased cardiac output) by the aorta to the division of cells. It is not enough blood ((poor perfusion) prevents these cells perform their normal function of the brain controls the infusion and to take action and sodium regulating hormones in combination with kidneys and lungs. This increases the pressure in the arterial system as a whole, and meets the needs of the cells temporarily providing greater blood flow (more blood flow). The blood pressure of more patients with left ventricle fills with blood more than usual (increased preload), causing it to expand and weaken it further. It also increases the pressure of the left ventricle must pump against (afterload increase) to get the blood into the aorta and into the cells. This adds Further work is already sick heart, a part of the problem even more. Finally, the blood presented to the left ventricle does not pump effectively, causing reflux (pressure) in the lungs. When the pressure reaches a certain point of the fluid in blood vessels in the lungs leaks, causing pulmonary edema. It is a congestive heart failure (CHF).

If the law becomes a disease of the heart, a similar set of physiological sequence occurs. higher blood pressure resulting from a cell to send an alarm signal for the results of the brain and more blood will be presented in the right heart (increased preload). Ultimately, the weakened heart can not be right to pump blood to the lungs more rapidly than the venous system shows him the blood. This causes the pressure build-cons in the venous system, especially the vena cava and other veins in the abdomen, and even the chest. When the pressure is high enough in the veins of the leak, leading to ascites and pulmonary effusion.

This problem can occur in both cores at the same time, causing even more problems.

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Information on Ischemic Heart Disease

Firstly, what is coronary heart disease? Regarding the results of the coronary arteries of patients whose goal is to provide the heart muscle (myocardium) of blood.

These arteries surround the heart like a crown, and because it is a wreath at the Latin "corona", they are known as coronary arteries. Under normal circumstances, the blood flows through them unimpeded and sufficient oxygen and nutrients to support heart muscle contractions.

Figure 1 shows the appearance of the heart vessels that supply the heart muscle (the image is sprayed with a contrast substance - coronagraph).
Key:
A - right atrium
B - tricuspid valve
C - visualize the coronary arteries using imaging techniques coronagraphic
D - left ventricle
E - left atrium

Figure 2 shows the diseased, narrowed, hardened vessel.

Key:
A- The coronary artery
B - atherosclerosis

Figure 3 shows a blocked coronary artery and the area of myocardial infarction - heart.

Key:
A- The coronary artery
B - blocked artery in the area of myocardial infarction

Figure 4 shows the position of by-pass, bringing fresh, oxygenated blood to the heart muscle and the deviation of blocking hardened parts of the coronary artery.

Key:
A- Bypass
B - blocked coronary artery

However, when the walls of these arteries narrow - which is most often caused by a process called atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries ") - an area of myocardial infarction not receiving an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to heart attacks, which means that the blood vessels of the myocardium necrotises narrowed, which affects the overall performance of the heart.

The real causes and the development of atherosclerosis are not yet known, but we are confident that a number of risk factors that have contributed, some of which may be controlled by the user.

Among these risk factors are the excess fat and blood cholesterol, poor diet, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, excessive stress, and others. Inherited genetic predisposition, of course, also plays a role.

Each of us can contribute actively to eliminate or reduce many of these risk factors at an early stage, not smoking, maintaining optimal weight, getting enough exercise, blockage of calories from food, particularly fats and sugars, by increasing our consumption of vegetables, fruit, fish and fiber, and regularly monitor your blood pressure (treatment, it is too high). In this way, we should behave, because it is always better than cure. But even now, when you already have heart disease, it is too late, and the sooner we doing this, you have a chance to prevent further damage.

Myocardial Infarction and Angina Pectoris

insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle often occurs when the strain, the requirements of the increased level of myocardial oxygen and reduces the coronary arteries are unable to supply enough oxygenated blood. The lack of blood to the heart muscle often causes a burning sensation in the left chest, left shoulder or neck. This pain is called angina pectoris. It is a transient pain, which ceases when the body no longer has to and after administration of pills or sprays nitrogylcerine, but it can cause pain in the longer term, which is also known to rest. If the closure of the coronary arteries leads to further complications - mostly blocked arteries by blood clot (thrombus), the vessels more closely, the blood flow is completely eliminated, and if not renewed in a very short period of time, lack of blood to heart muscle cells to make them disappear, which is a condition known as myocardial infarction. The question is how fast you can get help for the victim and the amount of heart muscle that had been destroyed. For this reason, it is always best to start by the beginning of treatment, ie at the stage of chest pain, and not after cardiac arrest.

Surgery

You can not treat all patients who have been affected in this way only, or by pharmacological methods of interventional cardiology, for, in which the contraction of the enlarged using balloons and stents, which are usually inserted in groin. In some cases, according to specific criteria and based on a detailed analysis, the most appropriate treatment for heart disease is surgery. In terms of action on the arteries that supply the heart muscle, and in fact requires the establishment of the connection between the aorta and cardiac muscle to bypass the narrowed area. English term for this is a bridge to heart bypass, and that word certainly encountered during surgery is discussed. In most cases, are means that what is the leg veins or mammary artery along the inner side of the bridge, and sewn to the coronary artery narrowed the field to overcome. Artery of the forearm are now often used to restore blood flow in coronary arteries.

Image # 4 shows the bypass in place, bringing fresh, oxygenated blood to the heart muscle by a detour compressed, hardened parts of the coronary arteries.

All areas where the grafting adequate supply side allows us to add veins and arteries without adverse effects. Only the lower limbs, it may be a slight temporary swelling (before the nuclei remaining to adapt to new conditions of blood flow) at the time (6-8 weeks), members must be enclosed in elastic bandages.

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What The Risk Factors For Heart disease Coroner

Coronary heart disease is also known as coronary artery disease. It is a condition that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels that mainly supplies blood and oxygen to the heart. In general, tables and fatty deposits build the walls of arteries. These elements result in the blood vessels narrow.

Years, ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and in other countries such as Russia, New Zealand, Australia and even Europe. For ten years, ischemic heart disease affects all regions in a way not previously mentioned countries.

According to the American Heart Association, approximately 15 million Americans the disease. If it is not treated and supported well enough, the same data are very likely candidates for heart attacks and ultimately death.

Risk women and men equal CHD. However, people are more at risk when you reach 40 years. Women, meanwhile, has increased the risk of contracting the disease because of age.

There are many variables that re-linked to coronary disease. Exposure to one or the other is the possibility of contraction of the disease better.

Coronary heart disease is most often associated with breathing and chest pain. As the arteries narrow, blood flow and oxygen is disturbed, causing shortness of breath, chest pain and myocardial infarction.

Sometimes symptoms of coronary disease can be very visible. However, it is possible for a patient's symptoms, which may mean the disease but show no symptoms.

Chest pain or chest is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease. The discomfort comes from insufficient blood and oxygen, which goes to the heart. Weight and type of chest pain, but can vary between patients. Patients with ischemic heart disease may experience chest pain, typical or atypical. The difference between them is their character. atypical chest pin is often strong, but it goes like this. This can be felt on the left side of the chest, back, shoulders, and even in the abdomen. A typical chest pain, on the other hand, feels heavy and is not going away anytime soon. Sometimes you need to ask for help from the rest and nitroglycerin for relief of pain. Typical chest pain is almost equivalent to coronary heart disease and atypical chest pain may be associated with another disease.

Other symptoms of coronary heart disease is fatigue, and of course, heart attack, which is considered a medical emergency. In some cases, heart attack, and is the first symptom of the disease.

Coronary artery disease may be caused by several factors. It can be triggered by genetic factors, may be caused by old age, may be caused by other conditions such as diabetes, menopause, hypertension, obesity and smoking.

People whose family members had ischemic heart disease, the greater the risk, especially if you have before the age of 50 years. In this case, coronary heart disease is hereditary.

Old age is another important factor that is associated with heart disease. Usually, after reaching 40 years, you become vulnerable to disease. The risk of coronary heart disease, which multiplies the years, is still added to life.

In some cases, coronary disease is secondary to other health conditions. Diabetes, obesity, hypertension and increased risk of heart attack. The same style of life that you caused these problems is the same factor that causes your heart disease. unhealthy lifestyles, combined with low physical activity is not a good candidate for this disease.

In the treatment of coronary disease is an effort to take medical treatment to significant changes in life. Some may require invasive procedures or non-invasive such as angioplasty, bypass surgery, medication and treatment of many others.

Angioplasty is the mechanical widening of arterial stenosis. It is often necessary for people suffering from a heart attack to open the lock immediately and the blood and oxygen to pass through.

Registry, meanwhile, more complex procedures. This is an open-heart surgery, where the blocked artery is bypassed and a healthy blood vessel is replaced as a diversion of blood and oxygen to get to the heart. Coronary heart disease in a patient can undergo several bypasses, depending on how many arteries are already clogged.

For mild cases of coronary disease, treatment with a first-line TB treatment. anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, statins, and nitrates are often used. The most common objectives of these drugs is a relaxation of arteries and placing less strain on the heart, lower cholesterol and blood pressure checks. All these factors taken into account by the drugs are possible causes of a heart attack.

There is so much you can do to prevent heart disease from occurring. The best and most perfect, is an active and healthy life. A good balanced diet combined with regular physical activity reduces the risk of coronary heart disease wonder. From a young age is a good investment, so that when they reach 40 years, which is susceptible to diseases of age, have better protection against it.

There is no better time to adopt a healthy lifestyle than it is today. Avoid excessive drinking and smoking. Both can cause factors that make them vulnerable to disease.

Prevention is better than cure. So if you want to give you a safety device against heart disease, you should do everything to be perfect in terms of achieving optimal health. Always make healthy choices in food consumption, their actions, and your mood. He may stick to a healthy lifestyle is very difficult, but it is the only way you can stop heart disease from occurring.

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How We Heart Parts

Anatomy of The Heart

Myocardial Infarction

Body contains three types of muscles. The first, called the skeletal muscle, the muscle is the type usually think when we remember the muscles. skeletal muscle to ensure mobility and movement, the biceps muscle to move the arms or quadriceps muscles to move our legs. These muscles operate because of the conscious control of our brain. Arm does not automatically take a free kick until you ask him to do (even if said Dr P freehand shots do not always work as expected).

 

The second type of muscle called smooth muscle. smooth muscles tend to perform their tasks automatically, without conscious thought on our part. Do not tell them what to do, do it yourself, under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). muscle surrounding arteries to constrict or expand their muscles are smooth. intestinal muscles, which, when pressed food (a process called peristalsis) are made of smooth muscle.

 

The latter type of muscle called the myocardium and located in the heart. heart muscle have their own electricity supply, and "fire" alone, without stimulation.

 

It is close to the heart muscle (myocardium) of the left ventricle of the dog. It is thick, because the heart of the dog must spend their lives pumping blood to all body cells. Later, when we speak of cardiomyopathy is a muscle that is affected.

 

As the beating heart of its own? This is because each cell of the electricity supply own heart. For a little more simple and complicated story that has to do with the heart cells how to behave, or excretion of potassium, sodium and calcium ions. When sodium and calcium is pumped from the heart cells, potassium is pumped in. This creates an imbalance that ultimately in the balance, more sodium and potassium ions outside and inside cells heart. This creates a "positive" for the outside of the heart, a heart cell is now a "polarization" (remember these words when considering ECG).

 

Council wishes to eventually restore the balance of sodium, calcium and potassium. So, the opposite occurs. Potassium moves from the rush of sodium and calcium in the cell is depolarized today and will stay that way for the positive charge outside the cell reaches the threshold, and again that the flow is reversed. Whenever there is a reverse flow, it generates an electric spark, the heart racing. This is an electrical spark, which causes the heart cells to contract and the heart rate.

 

Electrical System

Although their pace, heart electrical activity in each cell must be coordinated if the four chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) are pumping enough blood in the right direction. Later, when we speak of the ECG, it is the electrical conductivity is applicable.

 

At the beginning of the right atrium is the anatomical structure called the sinoatrial node (SA Node). This is an area of myocardial infarction, which originate in a coordinated heartbeat. When it fires from the SA node sends electrical impulses (son bringing these pulses are called perkinje fiber) for both atria, causing them to contract as soon as possible. One of the signals from the sinus node, also stimulates the atrioventricular node (AV node) located at the bottom of the right atrium. Stimulation of node stimulates nerve fibers that surround the ventricles, causing them to contract a rhythmically. There are other factors, including hormones and other parts of the nervous system.

 

Package atrioventricular (AV package) is also known as a package in honor of her husband, who discovered it. The heart beats a dog or a cat about two times per second, should trigger the nodes to stay if everything is coordinated. Since the SA node fires only takes 0.22 seconds for the ventricles to contract.

 

SA node is called the pacemaker because it depolarizes faster than any other group of cells in the heart and makes it faster on the heart in its entirety. If for some reason stops beating sinus node, AV node, which, with the highest rate of depolarization, would be a pacemaker. If no AV node, AV package will take over. If not, the fibers begin Perkinje heartbeat, and if not, as well as groups of cells in another location in the heart starts beating. However, farther from the center gets a normal amount and rate of heartbeat, pump less blood and replaced it and eventually can no longer sustain life.

 

in the normal heart rhythm, known as arrhythmias, are a common problem in heart disease. Cardiac arrhythmias may be small and insignificant, or serious and potentially fatal. There are many different types of arrhythmias, including:

• Tachycardia-heart rate very quickly. If the heart beats too fast will not spend much time in diastole. Therefore, not enough heart ventricles fill with blood, so the heart does not pump enough blood to the cells. In addition, lack of time causes the heart muscle during diastole itself (myocardium) is suffering because it is in diastole as blood flows through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle.
• Bradycardia, abnormally slow heartbeat. If the heart beats too slowly lowers blood pressure and does not generate enough blood cells. An early symptom is called syncope, which is the same as coming out and becomes unconscious.
• Heart block occurs when the electrical impulse has difficulty passing through the AV node.
• Atrial fibrillation, when the atria contract irregularly and blood does not flow with them effectively
• Ventricular fibrillation-ventricular If the contract is invalid and ineffective manner, a condition which leads rapidly to death unless corrected. He is a man of heart attack and needs defribillator to solve the problem. People who have serious cardiac arrhythmias can sometimes have an artificial pacemaker implanted in the chest or abdomen. This battery powered device provides a rhythmic pulse electrical center or on a constant basis, or only when the natural pacemaker temporarily unable to maintain normal.

You can learn more about the sinus node and AV node in the ECG monitor section, so try to keep their jobs in the memory.

 

Cavities of The Heart (Atria and Ventricles)

More normal mammalian heart has four chambers (also four birds, reptiles have three.) two lower chambers are called atria, are called ventricles. Diagrams at the top of this page describes the flow of blood through the chambers. Let's see what are the valve chambers and similar really. Click here to see models on the top of the page if you want.

 

Here autopsy (as well as those at autopsy) pictures showing how they look in the reality of these structures. They are tastefully done and it should not bother you. It is obvious from these pictures that the actual anatomy is much more complicated than drawing pictures. We will focus on the left ventricle and mitral valve, because it is the heart area, causing the most problems as dogs age. We will monitor the flow of blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve and left ventricle.

 

Before even getting to the heart, is a layer called the pericardium, which surrounds it. In some diseases, the liquid can be accumulated in the outer layer and the actual heart muscle. This is the pericardium of a normal ferret. Fat at heart is normal.

 

This photo shows mainly in the left ventricle of a dog (the heart of hearts that you saw at the beginning of the page). Looking into the chamber of the left ventricle. Note the thickness of the myocardium (heart muscle) in the left ventricle, with the smooth inner lining of the lower house in the center of the image. Flooring should be smooth and relatively friction-free red blood cells to flow through is not achieved quickly and cracked or bleeding started. hemostatic metal tip (see arrow), barely protruding from the left (no display) through the mitral valve and left ventricle. This is the normal direction of blood flow, as is currently the atrium and left ventricle.

 

Take a closer look at the mitral valve. Haemostatic walked a little farther through the mitral valve in this table. Moreover, the left atrium is not displayed. White thread-like structures strings tendon. As blood flows through the tendon of the mitral valve mitigate these channels, because there is no pressure on them. The left ventricle contracts a strong desire to get blood into the aorta and the rest of the body. This pressure pushes the mitral valve, which are already closed, because we do not want the blood flowing back into the left atrium. These are the chains that hold the tendon mitral valve closed. normal mitral valve can withstand the pressure, patients may not be.

 

As can be seen even closer to the mitral valve leaflets clearly (we removed a hemostat so that you can see the bottom of the valve now). arrow Back to normal record, the arrow at the bottom of the poster in bold and shriveled. This folder called endocardiosis thickened (more on this disease in the section, when we learn about chronic atrioventricular valve). This thickening does not allow the valve to close completely, and the blood flows back into the left atrium to left ventricle contracts. Since there is a large pressure difference (pressure gradient) between the atrium and left ventricle, which can have serious consequences. This is turbulent blood regurgitating, and is the source of a heart murmur heard with this disease. If the leak is significant pressure will result in the left atrium to enlarge (you can see in the picture), the possibility that pressure prevents the flow of blood from the pulmonary vein. If the blood in the pulmonary veins is in the process of high pressure in the left atrium, pulmonary vein plasma would leak from the capillaries and fill the lungs (cysts) of liquids. It is also known as pulmonary edema, and is "congested" in congestive heart failure. We will go into further detail because it is an essential element of the atrioventricular valve and chronic congestive heart failure.

 

There are many other structures in the thorax (chest) in addition to the heart and lungs. Next image autopsy of a dog lying on the right side of his head to the left. We will look into the chest, the chest just before the abdomen.

 

Before the autopsy can show you get an image oriented. The dog is on the right side and head to the left. Vertical white spots on the line to the section of the chest radiograph will be watching the autopsy photos to follow. White fire running in the back of the inferior vena cava (PVC), which is difficult to see. Use this breakthrough information purposes only, if you look at the actual pictures below.

 

On the right is a membrane (D) Breathing muscle. It separates the left side of the diaphragm chest from the abdomen on the right side (liver and stomach is located just behind the iris). Posterior vena cava (PVC) is presented as a horizontal structure blue at the bottom of the image that passes through the membrane. That is fine because it is designed to return almost all the blood from the rear of the body to the heart.

 

Tall structure rose horizontally above the vena cava posterior esophagus (E) which passes through the membrane and into the stomach to the diaphragm on the right. You can see one of the posterior lobe of the lung above and left of the esophagus. If you look closely, you can also see white streaks horizontally along the esophagus (vertical arrow). If you look even closer you will see a large white structure horizontally above the esophagus (horizontal arrow) - integrated in the aortic tissue protection.

 

This is the same image as before, just look down, rather than later. Rejoice with a dog on his back, the diaphragm (D) is at the base. The structures are labeled the same. Information on how much lung is visualized. Look at the large veins of the lobes of the lung in the upper right corner. Posterior vena cava (PVC), it is clear how the vertical membrane at the bottom of the image and between the right atrium at the top of the image. On either side are the lobes of the lung inferior vena cava and then into the esophagus (E), and aortic white (a). Remember, this raises the lungs. Consider the congestion of the place is when the lungs are full of air you breathe. In fact, the positive and negative thoracic pressure that occurs when we breathe have an impact on how the flow of blood.

 

Now, away from the membrane and the heart is closer to the side view, head to the left. Heart blue structure above. Pericardium (lining of the heart) is still in the heart, it is not as obvious as one might think. The right atrium can not be displayed, because the heart is covered with pericardium. You can see the posterior vena cava (PVC) on the right as it enters the right atrium. You can also see the front of the vena cava (AVC on the left and enter the right atrium. You can also see how the nerve horizontally on top of each vena cava.

 

Normal functioning of the heart has to work in optimal conditions, instantly able to adapt to the changing needs of the organization. To all this must work in harmony:

• The blood vessels of the heart to normal. The problem here (atherosclerosis) is a disease generally affects humanoids, not animals. When these blood vessels do not supply the heart with adequate blood flow, myocardial infarction (MI) occurs. This means that a portion of heart muscle dies from lack of blood supply.
• Electrical conduction system must function in a flow of blood in a coordinated manner through the heart chambers effectively. If the problem is so serious that a heart attack can occur. In this state, the heart requires an external electrical load (defribillator) for the shock back into normal rhythm.
• All heart valves are working optimally so that blood can flow in the right direction and in sufficient quantity. Mitral regurgitation causes blood to leak into the wrong room. The disorder causes blood disorders that are received by the stethoscope as a murmur. If the problem is sufficiently severe, can lead to heart failure. Cavities of the heart and muscles must be of sufficient size for optimal blood flow. also, a partition separating the right heart of the heart must be left intact. If not, blood can flow directly from one cell to another, without the normal route through the lungs. The enlargement of the heart leads to dilated cardiomyopathy, which is the heart muscle is too weak to overcome the forces to provide sufficient blood cells. Ventricle, which is too muscular, called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, leading to the size of the ventricular chamber is too small to fill enough blood to the body's needs.
• Arterial and venous systems must be able to contract and expand, so that the appropriate blood pressure, and maintained so that all cells of the body to get adequate blood flow.
• Cardiovascular Care is a miracle. This series of pumps and pipes are literally unable to provide the billions of cells in the body of their basic needs, and it is in an ever-changing needs.

 

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