Pre Eclampsia / Eclampsia - Pregnancy Complications

Pre-eclampsia, a life-threatening pregnancy complicatio results when a pregnant woman diagnosed with pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure and protein in urine) or coma may develop seizures. In some cases, seizures or coma may be the first recognizable sign that a pregnant woman has pre-eclampsia. main symptoms of pre-eclampsia in women diagnosed with preeclampsia may be severe headache, blurred vision or double vision or spots. Blood poisoning is a common name used to describe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.

                                                               figure via life123

There was never any evidence that the orderly progression of disease onset, with mild preeclampsia to severe preeclampsia, and then pre-eclampsia. The disease process can start soft and sweet stay, or may be diagnosed as pre-eclampsia, without notice.

• Approximately 5-7% of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia.
• Pre-eclampsia usually occurs in women at first pregnancy, but can happen the first time during a subsequent pregnancy.
• Fewer than one in 100 women with preeclampsia or eclampsia (convulsions or seizures) or coma.
• Up to 20% of pregnancies are complicated by high blood pressure. The complications of blood pressure, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia may represent 20% of all deaths that occur in pregnant women.

Causes of pre-eclampsia

• Nobody knows exactly what causes pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
• Because we do not know what causes pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, we have no effective test to predict the time of preeclampsia or eclampsia occurs in order to prevent or treat pre- eclampsia or eclampsia occurring (or recurring).
• Pre-eclampsia typically occurs in the first pregnancy. However, pre-eclampsia, one can see the twins (or multiple pregnancy), women aged over 35 years among women with hypertension before pregnancy, in women with diabetes and in women with other health problems (eg, connective tissue disease and kidney disease).
• For reasons unknown, African-American women are more vulnerable to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia than white women.
• Pre-eclampsia may be in the family, even if the cause is unknown.
• Pre-eclampsia is also associated with problems with the placenta, such as bearings too much, too little turnover, turnover, or how it attaches to the uterine wall. Pre-eclampsia is also associated with pregnancy hydatidiform mole in which the placenta is not normal and there is no normal child.
• There is nothing that any woman can do to prevent preeclampsia or eclampsia occurrence. Therefore, both the unhealthy and not helpful to blame and to examine and events that have occurred rehash or just before pregnancy or early pregnancy, which may contribute to the development of preeclampsia.

The Symptoms of pre-eclampsia

Is caractéristique crisis of preeclampsia. Similar to pre-eclampsia, and other changes of symptoms may be present and the variant function system organ affected. These changes affect mother may, only child, or more commonly affect both mother and child. Some of these symptoms gives women but most do not have.

• The most common symptom of preeclampsia, and is characterized by an elevated blood pressure. This could be the first symptom or only. Blood pressure may be very first few or quebec rose dangerously principles may be, the symptoms may or may not present do be. However, the degree of elevation of blood pressure varies from the one woman, and changes during the development and resolution process of the disease. There are women who never had significant increase of blood pressure (20% environment which women suffering from eclampsia).
• Widespread belief in quebec gissement the risk of preeclampsia rises with increasing blood pressure at 160/110 mm Hg Tops
• The reins unable to effectively filter have blood (as usual). It may lead to the presence of urine protein. Premier signs excess protein often found in urine obtained siège the operator. Overweight women are in rarely made changes symptoms associated with the protein urine. In the case extreme, affecting the reins, the quantity of urine produced significantly reduced.
• Of changes in the nervous system may specify a block of blurred vision, rather than the car, Severe headache, convulsions and occasional Sami Loss of vision. Any of these symptoms requires immediate medical attention.
• The changes affect the liver that can cause pain in the upper abdomen and may be confused with indigestion, or a disease of the gallbladder. More subtle changes affecting the liver who may affect the capacity of platelets cause blood clots,  changes May be regarded as the excessive bruising.
• The changes affect the child's may who may cause problems with blood flow to the placenta and driving and children can not receive the adequate nutrients. Consequently, the child can not be done properly and develop maybe less provided quebec worst seems a blood count, seem reduce frequency and intensity of movements. You should immediately contact your doctor if you notice baby's movements slowing.

Treatment of Eclampsia

After pre-eclampsia develops, treatment is only able baby (if there is a pre-eclampsia before delivery). Eclampsia can also occur after birth (up to 24 hours after birth, usually). Rare, pre-eclampsia can be delayed and occur one week after delivery. There is no cure for pre-eclampsia.

Magnesium sulfate (IV) is the treatment of choice once and for pre-eclampsia develops. This treatment reduces the risk of recurrent seizures. Magnesium is a new treatment, a total of 24-48 hours after the last crisis. Magnesium can be obtained in an intensive care unit or unit of labor and delivery. A magnet is given will be strictly observed, to receive fluids intravenously and Foley catheter inserted in the urine (to measure urine production).

From time to time, the raids will require additional treatment with short-acting barbiturates, such as amobarbital sodium. Other drugs, including diazepam (Valium) or phenytoin (Dilantin) have been used to treat eclampsia, but they are not as effective as magnesium sulfate.

You can also receive treatment with blood pressure during treatment of pre-eclampsia. Common drugs against hypertension (in women with eclampsia) include hydralazine (Apresoline) or labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate).

When the woman's condition is stable after the attack, the doctor prepares to release the child. This can occur either by induction of caesarean or vaginal delivery. If you are already employed, may be allowed to progress, there is no evidence that the child has become a situation "difficult" or threatened by the seizure.

The closer the deadline, the more likely it will Cervical (ready for delivery), and induction of labor will be successful. Sometimes, medications such as oxytocin (Pitocin), are given to commence the work.

• The earlier in pregnancy (weeks 1924-1934), the greater the chances of success of induction (although induction is still possible). It is more common in cases of caesarean section, when the state requires pre-eclampsia in early pregnancy.
• If your child shows signs of compromise, such as reduced fetal heart rate, an immediate cesarean delivery to make.

via emedicinehealth

What Causes Ovarian Cysts Occurrence

Ovarian cysts are usually three (3) provides:

• Follicles or functional ovarian cysts
• Corpus luteal ovarian cysts
• Endometriomas or chocolate cysts

What are the follicular cysts?

They are usually benign cysts on the operational (or functional response to a normal menstrual cycle). Every time the egg is produced by the ovaries small cyst forms. Cyst is usually very small and the cracks after the release of eggs during ovulation. If the cyst rupture can not continue to grow, but how rarely grow by 8 cm and Shrink usually after ovulation, surgery is usually not necessary. If rupture occurs, pelvic pain and may result in the last 24-48 hours. Pain because of the small amount of bleeding, which irritates the abdominal cavity. The operation may be indicated if bleeding persists or becomes too high.

 

Diagnosis

Ultrasound is the primary tool used to document the follicular cyst. Pelvic exam will also aid in the diagnosis of cysts, if large enough to see them.

 

Treatment

Follicular cysts usually disappear on their own in 3-6 weeks.

 

What is a corpus luteum cyst?

These are much less common than follicular cysts. ovarian corpus luteum cysts develop versions of the eggs developed follicular cysts and small changes in hormone production of the "yellow body", also known as the corpus luteum. If the corpus luteum reaches a size greater than 3 cm, it is referred to as cysts. Rupture of ovarian cysts occur more frequently on the right side during intercourse and during the days following the menstrual cycle when the cysts are at their greatest. If you grow too large, you may need to be removed surgically.

 

Smokers have twice the risk of functional ovarian cysts.

 

Therapy, oral contraception is well known that significantly reduce the risk of functional ovarian cysts.

 

What is endometriosis / chocolate cysts?

The disease is also known as ovarian endometriosis. line tiny implants of endometrial cells and moved into small cysts on the outside of the ovary. These cysts and the increased production of ovarian endometriosis. Response to hormonal stimulation during the menstrual cycle and the production of many small cysts, which can be treated, and even replace the normal ovarian tissue.

 

They are filled with endometriosis materials thick chocolate, which explains why they are known as chocolate cysts. When this type of ovarian cyst rupture, the material coming into force and the pool at the surface of the uterus, bladder and intestines, and the proper spacing. Adhesions can cause cracks in the ground and can cause pelvic pain.

 

 

What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?

If these cysts are small (less than 3 cm) did not cause symptoms. Cysts more than 10 cm from the most common cause of symptoms such as pelvic pain, which may be unilateral or bilateral.

 

As in the case of endometriosis, the pain may be worse at different points throughout the menstrual cycle. If these cysts rupture and peritoneal implants are present, the same type of debilitating pelvic pain may occur (see the article on endometriosis).

 

May cause ovarian cysts infertility?

Endometriosis does not seem to affect egg quality, but may interfere with follicular development and ovulation. This situation occurs when the endometriosis adjacent to the pelvic sidewall interference with the ovulatory mechanism, leading to the ovum (egg) collection.

 

How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

As with any disease, known history of the disease is very important. If a patient with a known history of endometriosis is pelvic ultrasound with a large ovarian cyst, it is likely to be endometriomas.

 

Medical examination

Pelvic examination may not show the normal weight or weight of the ovaries results can be felt. Detection depends on the mass.

 

Blood Test

As in the case of endometriosis, as described above in the CA 125 blood test is used in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Since the blood test is also used in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, be careful in how research is interpreted. Often, traditional gynecologists recommend removal of the uterus and ovaries (removal of both ovaries) in women aged over 40 years of the mass of ovaries on ultrasound and elevated CA 125

 

At the Institute, we have treated many women who have had the same findings and endometrioma, but did not show ovarian cancer. It is noteworthy that cancer can be excluded by biopsy and tissue examination.

 

X-ray studies

Transvaginal ultrasound Abdominal most commonly used diagnostic test for endometriosis. Transvaginal scanning has the advantage of providing more information about the internal composition of the mass of the ovary. Accuracy in the diagnosis of endometriosis depends on the experience of the radiologist.

 

These ovarian cysts vary in appearance with only the cyst walls, debris, and even solid. This is mainly due to the thick "chocolate" material. CT and MRI are rarely indicated as the main diagnostic procedures, even if the cancer is a major driving force for one of them could be useful.

 

How are ovarian cysts treated?

Unlike endometriosis, it is especially the process of ovarian cysts. Traditional face gynecologists ovarian cysts in the ovaries (ovaries removed) or a radical approach to the uterus.

 

Female Alternative Surgery

First, we confirm the diagnosis of endometriosis, and ovarian cancer excluded. We believe that women who have ovarian cysts on ultrasound and CA 125 levels should be informed that they may be secondary to the endometrioma and does not necessarily mean cancer.

 

In surgery, we remove all the "material of chocolate, with great care not to spill the entire contents of the abdomen. Then remove the inner lining of the cyst cavity, the surface treatment of the argon laser, and finally to reconstruct the ovary. In the Institute, organ protection is our priority.

 

via alternativesurgery

Various Kinds of Cancer in Women

Adnexal masses may occur during a routine examination of asymptomatic patients. They can be found in the assessment of a patient with pain, bleeding or other disabling symptoms. Most of these masses are benign and largely self-Solve, and some of them be dangerous, even fatal. The challenge, of course, is to determine who is who.

Simple Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sac from the ovary.

Ovarian cysts can be classified into two types: physiological cysts following ovulation (or atttempted ovulation) and neoplastic cysts. Of the two, related to ovulation cysts are much more frequent.

Functional cysts are common and usually cause no problems. Each time a woman ovulates, she forms a small ovarian cyst (3.0 cm or less). Depending on where her menstrual cycle, you can find these small follicular cysts. Large cysts (> 7.0 cm) are rare and should be used clinically or by ultrasound.

Occasionally, simple ovarian cysts can cause a problem:

• Delaying menstruation
• Cracks
• Torsion
• Causing pain

95% of ovarian cysts disappear spontaneously, usually after the next menstrual flow. And those who are behind these problems are often removed surgically.

Here are some pictures that can explain the kinds of cancers in women

Figure mucinous cystadenoma (benign)

                                                        Figure Torsioned Ovarian Cyst

                                                    Figure Endometrioma of Right Ovary

Figure Dermoid cyst with torsion and infarction

                                             Figure Uterine Fibroid Tumors (Leiomyomas)

                                                           Figure Hydrosalpinx from PID

via brooksidepress

Pap Smear Screening For Cancer Of The Cervix

Pap smear screening for cancer of the cervix. cervix is the lower part of the uterus and into the birth canal. Contrary to what most women think of few women in the United States die each year from cancer of the cervix. Maybe you know a friend who had smears pre cancerous cervical condition known as dysplasia. You can even find a woman who has a condition called carcinoma in situ of the cervix, but the irregularities are not life threatening while the woman is under the care of a doctor and not ignore the state .

 

Pap test was developed by Dr. George Papanicolaou in 1954. This painless technique helped save tens of millions of people worldwide since its use has been popularized. smears are nothing more than a test for health professionals, which includes brushing and gentle removal of the cervical cells under the microscope by a cytologist led.

 

If you read this can be a woman who wants to learn more about Pap smears, or may be someone who has recently shot no abnormal Pap smears. Before starting he should put it on the prospects for cancer of the cervix. In 2005, the American Cancer Society reported that 662,870 American women died of all forms of cancer. Made up as follows:

 

• 79,560 deaths from lung cancer
• 56,660 deaths from colon cancer
• 40,410 deaths due to breast cancer
• death of patients with rectal cancer 16 810
• Deaths from cancer of the ovary 16,210
• 16,080 deaths from pancreatic cancer
• Leukemia 10 030 deaths
• Lymphoma 9680 deaths
• 7310 cancer deaths
• the death of multiple myeloma 5640
• Death in 4780 of stomach cancer
• 4640 deaths from cancer of the kidney
• Deaths in 4210 bladder cancer
• deaths from cancer of the cervix uteri 3710
• Deaths in 3300 of cancer of the esophagus
• 2860 melanoma deaths

 

You can clearly see that although many women are afraid of cancer of the cervix uteri very few women die of this disease relatively. Therefore, the National Institute of Health lists cervical cancer is rare (remember that I am not talking about carcinoma in situ, almost 100% curable, but it differs from invasive cervical cancer !).

 

This is excellent news and means that visits to the doctor regularly is very important. Most women in the United States who die from cancer of the cervix are not regular Pap tests? So before you read to understand that Pap smears, which are already over 50 years, has invasive cervical cancer a rare disease and death from cancer of the cervix less often!

 

The last thing I want is a Pap test screening, not a definitive diagnosis. Smear help health professionals to identify women who need specific diagnostic tests such as colposcopy and biopsy of the cervix. If the test indicates the need to smear a woman needs further diagnostic tests to identify the real needs biopsy.

 

Yes, exactly what is cervical cancer? What should I do? What do we do?

   

Cervix is the lower part of the uterus. As you can see through the vagina using a vaginal speculum. During pregnancy, the cervix acts as a valve and keeps the uterus opening to the child is mature enough to be born. During childbirth the cervix is opened to about 10 cm (4 inches) and allows the child to enter the birth canal.

 

Cervix is covered with a thin skin called the epithelium. "The smooth surface is very similar to the type of tissue that covers the inside of the lips.

 

Cervix is the area where the two types of epithelial cells (think of this as similar to skin cells) to join. "Cache" the cervix is covered with cells called squamous cells. Squamous cells look like "omelette" arranged 6 or 8 deep. "Skins" inside the uterus is composed of columnar cells (these teams as being arranged in a column of cans of beer). Cervical contains sensitive areas in which these two cell types to include. This area is called the squamocolumnar junction or transition zone (T-Zone) and represents the transition from one cell to another type. An important part of knowing that he is clearly in the intersection or a column squamocolumnar transition zone that cancer occurs.

 

 

When should I get my first cervical smear and how often should I get one?

 

American Cancer Society recommends that receive their first smear at age 21 or over 3 years to become sexually active --- whichever comes first.

 

Since the cervical smear was adopted 50 years ago, this country has experienced a sharp decline in the number of women with cancer of the cervix. smears are performed each year. Women over 50 do not need a Pap smear every year, but should be considered each year by their health professionals in other cancers have become more common in women after menopause.

 

Pap smears are modern both painful and accurate. The cells are obtained can be checked if they are abnormal in appearance, and even the presence of cancer-causing viruses.

 

How common are abnormal Pap?

 

Approximately 55 million Pap smears are performed in the United States each year. 3.5 million of these Pap tests, or 6% are abnormal and require medical supervision. So just do it in perspective to remember that there are about 3,700 deaths from cancer of the cervix in our country each year. Yes, every death is due to cancer of the cervix is abnormal Pap test in 1000? Calm down .... You're not alone if you have abnormal smears.

 

What are the risk factors for abnormal Pap smears, especially changes before cancer?

 

Major risk factors are abnormal pap smear:

 

• Sex at a young age (before 18)
• Sexual intercourse with multiple sexual partners
• Sexual intercourse with someone who has many partners
• Sex with uncircumcised men
• The history of chlamydia
• Obese women
• Multiple pregnancies
• Smoking
• HPV
• Family history of cancer of the cervix

What types of disorders, which can detect cervical smear?

 

smear abnormalities in a range from very mild to those that are more concerns. Before the talks began Pap smears, but we need to discuss (a) for cervical cell abnormalities and (b) of these disorders, which resembles the biopsy.

 

Pap smear, however, is not a biopsy. Instead, it features a sample of cells that are normally secreted by the cervix and allow health professionals to know when a biopsy may be necessary. The definitive diagnosis of disorders with biopsies. Now, here's what Photomicrograph cytologist can see by looking at the abnormal cells.

 

 Smear showing large abnormal cells

 

On the basis of abnormal Pap smears cytologist may recommend other tests, including colposcopy and biopsy.

 

via cmdrc

Our Attention to Toxoplasma During Pregnancy

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan minor (parasite) that spends part of its life cycle of animals and the rest of the population. It is a common infection caused by a unicellular organism Toxoplasma gondii.

 

According to a recent survey of all pregnant women and newborns should be checked for a serious infection called toxoplasmosis. A pregnant woman has a 40% chance of transmitting the infection to her unborn baby, according to the March of Dimes. Only about 10% of infants with severe infections show signs of toxoplasmosis at birth. Many infected infants show no symptoms for months or years later.

 

All pregnant women and newborns should be checked for a serious infection called toxoplasmosis.

 

Sources of infection

 

Toxoplasmosis develops when a pregnant woman is exposed to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in Cat Litter Toxoplasma gondii is most easily spread in the form of eggs, the eggs can develop only in the cat gastrointestinal tract aos . Toxoplasma gondii, after the eggs are excreted in the feces of cat AOS become infective after 1 to 5 days

 

Undercooked meat such as beef, poultry, especially pork and eggs that are infected by a parasite. You can be infected by touching hand to mouth, nose or eyes after handling raw meat or foods that have been contaminated aos utensils or cutting board that came into contact with raw meat.

 

garden soil, which is eating unwashed vegetables from the garden (in a place where the infected cat has left feces).

 

Symptoms

 

Most women infected have no symptoms at all, then you might never know if you are infected or not. Some have mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, swollen glands, rash, and possibly one to three weeks after exposure. If you think you have the disease, call your doctor or midwife.

 

Diagnosis

 

Blood tests to detect past or recent exposure to this parasite is available, but is not routinely done. If you are not tested and you do not know if AOT, Aore immune or not, or if the test shows no immunity against infection earlier, you can take steps to protect yourself and your child born. In acute infection, IgG and IgM increase usually one to two weeks after infection.

 

If the results seem to indicate that you have toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, your doctor must first treat you with antibiotics aos thought to reduce the risk of transmission to the child. These Äôll amniocentesis and to determine if a child has an infection. (The lab will make a specific DNA test of amniotic fluid for the presence of the parasite toxoplasmosis.) You, Äôll a series of ultrasound scans during pregnancy to check for abnormalities in the development of the child.

 

If the amniotic fluid that the child was infected or ultrasound shows a problem, you can consult a genetic counselor about the risks to the child. According to the child, pregnancy aos, you Äôll be able to terminate the pregnancy. If you are still pregnant, you Äôll given other antibiotics to take after, Aore about 20 weeks to reduce the risk of problems of the child.

 

The impact of toxoplasmosis on the fetus

 

Fetal immune system is unable to defend themselves against Toxoplasma gondii. infection of the fetus can only develop when a woman with no immunity becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy or up to 8 weeks before pregnancy. Fetal toxoplasmosis, especially in early pregnancy can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects. Possible problems include blurred vision, hearing loss, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, pneumonia

 

Most infected children have no birth defects, but without treatment, most of which cause serious damage to eyes and brain, and die from a massive infection by the end of adolescence

 

Treatment

 

During pregnancy, toxoplasmosis is treated with antibiotics.

A woman who is newly infected during pregnancy is treated to reduce the risk of serious infections of the fetus.

 

If fetal infection identify other antibiotics are given to the mother and the child is also an antibiotic treatment after birth.

 

If infection of the fetus during pregnancy and early diagnosis of brain damage, to terminate pregnancy is a reasonable choice of doctor.

 

avoid toxoplasmosis during pregnancy

 

Here are some tips to avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis during pregnancy:

 

• Do not let the cat go outside the house where they may come into contact with toxoplasmosis. If possible, ask someone to take care of a cat during pregnancy.
• At another family member in the litter box and then disinfect them with boiling water for 5 minutes.
• If you need to cope with changes in employment bowl, wear rubber gloves to avoid contact with litter and wash hands afterwards.
• Use work gloves when gardening and wash hands afterwards. Children coverage aos sandboxes when not in use (such as cats use them as junk mail box).
• Fight against flies and cockroaches as much as possible. They can spread contaminated soil or cat feces to food.
• Avoid consumption of raw or undercooked meat (or poultry) and unwashed fruits and vegetables. Eating only cooked or previously frozen meat, dried meat to avoid.
• Wash hands before eating and after contact with raw meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, soil, sand or cats.
• Avoid rubbing your eyes or face when preparing food, and wipe clean cons thereafter.
• Avoid eating raw eggs and drinking unpasteurized milk.
• health education for women of childbearing age should include information on prevention of transmission of T. gondii food and soil. During the first prenatal visit, the health of pregnant women should learn about hygiene and avoiding exposure to cat feces.

 

via tvmasty

insemination is very good for couples who do not have kids

Artificial insemination for the treatment of infertility, which includes the addition of sperm directly into the uterus of a woman.

When artificial insemination is used?

Artificial insemination can be helpful for couples to imagine any of the following situations:

• there is a problem with the sperm of a man, or can not produce sperm during intercourse

• there is no obvious reason why the couple can not conceive a child (unexplained infertility)

• Women with endometriosis had minimal soft

Endometriosis is a disease where cells normally found in the lining of the uterus (womb) begins to develop in other parts of the reproductive system, which can cause infertility.

Women in same-sex couples are also used artificial insemination in the way of conceiving a child.

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Different techniques can be used to perform artificial insemination. intrauterine insemination (IUI) is the technique most commonly used and has a good record of success.

In IUI, the man to provide semen samples, which is then "washed and sanitized using special techniques. This ensures that only the most powerful, high quality seed is used the procedure.

During the procedure, the sperm concentrate is transferred directly into the woman's uterus (womb) through a tube called a catheter.

Sperm donation

In certain circumstances, a person may not be able to make healthy sperm. If so, the frozen sperm from a donor, can be used.

Some couples have chosen to sperm donation from someone who knows a relative or friend. In most cases, comes from an anonymous sperm donor.

Anonymous Donor

In the past, sperm donors remained anonymous, parents and the child produced by the donated sperm. In 2005, legislation on donor anonymity changed.

Any person who is born from donated sperm after 1 April 2005, the right to ask the human fertility and embryology Authority (HFEA) to obtain information about the donor's identity, age at 18.

The HFEA is responsible for all fertility clinics in Britain.

Artificial insemination in the NHS

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends that up to six courses (or cycles) of IUI treatment should be available for couples on the NHS and free:

• the number of sperm from men is incorrect

• Women minimal or mild endometriosis

• They have unexplained fertility problems

fertility treatment, which is currently funded by the NHS varies across the UK. In some areas, waiting lists for treatment can be very long. Criteria for eligibility for treatment may differ, in some cases, may depend on what is available from primary care trust local (PCT).

IUI is also available in the private fertility clinics. Costs range from £ 500 to £ 1,000 for each cycle.

Cycle is the term used for a cycle of IUI treatment. For each course is timed to coincide with a woman, the natural cycle of reproduction, this could be a cycle of IUI treatment in a month.

via nhs

Pregnancy is a State Which Awaited by Many Couples

The presence of a child for each couple is a joy because the child is the successor generation, both male and female. For a woman who was the first time through periods of pregnancy often do not know the various changes in the body. As for a doctor, than to see the pregnancy as something normal but need to also consider a false pregnancy (pseudosiesis) because there are also women who really want the pregnancy causes symptoms such as pregnancy, sistoma ovarii, myoma uteri, menopause, urinary or vesika with retention of urine. In this article we will discuss about the process of pregnancy and diseases that might arise.

Basically the pregnancy represents a physiological condition but can be followed by a pathological state of a very threatening situation of mother and fetus. All parties must be able to recognize changes that may occur during pregnancy that can be known disorders that arise early.

 

                                                                  figure via topnews

Before we further study the pregnancy it is better to know earlier titles premature pregnancy, premature and postmature and distribution of gestational age. In medicine, pregnancy mature / a month lasts about 40 weeks and not more than 42 weeks. While the so-called premature pregnancy if a long pregnancy lasts between 28 weeks and 36 weeks. For pregnancies of more than 42 weeks of pregnancy is called postmature. According to age, pregnancy is divided into the first trimester of pregnancy ie 0-14 weeks, starting the second trimester of pregnancy is 14-28 weeks and third trimester from 28 weeks to 42 weeks.

There are signs and symptoms that must be understood by pregnant women or young couples that is definitely not pregnancy symptoms, pregnancy signs and certainly not a sure sign of pregnancy. Especially for doctors and health professionals need to also know the appeal of pregnancy diagnosis.

There are at least 7 (seven) symptoms of pregnancy is uncertain, namely:

1. Cravings. Often pregnant women wanting a certain food or beverage in this state.
2. Fainting and easily tired. Often pregnant women will experience a fainting when you're on a crowded places and this happens in the first months of pregnancy and disappears after 18 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Constipation / obstipation. The rationality of this situation could be explained by a decrease in intestinal peristalsis and steroid hormones.
4. Amenorrhea or referred to by laymen as the absence of menstruation. For women who are pregnant need to know the date of the first day of last period to determine the estimated gestational age and parturition. There are several formulas estimated pregnancy but is most common is the formula Naegele. If the menstrual cycle is 28 days ± +7 date, month and year +1 -3.
5. Frequent urination. Occurs because the bladder in the first months of pregnancy by uterine pressure grows. This situation will be reduced gradually and then arose again in late pregnancy.
6. Nausea (feel sick) with or without symptoms of vomitus (vomit). This situation generally occurs in the morning and in the first months of pregnancy, or commonly called morning sickness.
7. Anorexia or no appetite. There are groups of women who experience decreased appetite weeks of pregnancy but others are only experienced during the first months of pregnancy.

 

While certainly not a sign of pregnancy can be described as follows:

1. Leukore. Where cervical secretions increase because the effect of increasing the hormone progesterone.
2. Skin pigmentation. This situation usually occurs at 12 weeks gestation or more. Could arise on the cheeks, nose and forehead and is known as kloasma gravidarum. This situation occurs because of the influence of placental hormones that stimulate melanofor and skin.
3. Papilla epulis or gingival hypertrophy. Often occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy.
4. Changes in the breast. Pregnancy can create a tense and enlarged breasts because of the influence of estrogen and progesterone, which stimulates breast duktuli and alveoli. Aerola become more black areas because of the excessive deposit of pigment. In many women there is usually a colostrum when entering more than 12 weeks gestation.
5. Basal temperature continues to rise by between 37.2 to 37.8 degrees Celsius.
6. Enlargement of the abdomen clearly visible after 14 weeks of pregnancy.
7. The changes in the pelvic organs such as vagina livid marks Chadwick took place about six weeks; sign Hegar like lower uterine segment softening palpability; signs such as the uterus enlarged Piscaseck into one department; sign that Braxton-Hicks contractions of the uterus when stimulated . Distinctive mark on this one to the uterus during pregnancy.
8. Pregnancy test. Many tools can be used to detect pregnancy. A widely used tool is based on antigen-antibody reaction with the hormone chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as an antigen. The most widely used is hemagglutination. On the first day of menstruation does not come normally has the lowest detectable levels of at least 50 iu / L hCG. Yet to be considered by all parties, both pregnant women and doctors are false positive results caused by malignant trophoblastic disease. Before there cangging test tools are often used reaction-Mainini Galli, Friedman and Ascheim-Zondek.

 

After seeing the symptoms and signs are not sure there is also a sure sign of pregnancy that includes:

1. On Auscultation fetal heart sound will be heard. With Laennec stethoscope, fetal heart sounds heard at 18-20 weeks of pregnancy. While with the Doppler fetal heart sound will be heard at 12 weeks of gestation.
2. Will be felt on palpation of the fetus and balotemen and fetal motion.
3. With ultrasound or scanning can be seen the picture of the fetus. In the first weeks of pregnancy are often only seen a black dot. Doctors could not diagnose pregnancy in the first weeks of using this tool as a black point is nearly equal to the blood vessels.
4. In X-ray examination but the use of fetal skeleton appeared this tool does not do much now because of the impact of radiation on the fetus.

Antenatal Care

The objective of antenatal care is to prepare physically and mentally as well mothers to save the mother and child in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period so that a healthy and normal after delivery. On the first visit of pregnant women need to be considered risk factors that may exist by performing a physical examination, laboratory and special interviews. Health workers should provide in-depth information on pregnancy, birth place and also baby care and feeding methods. Information that can be given as the election has many nutritional food and fiber, the use of drugs that must be consulted beforehand with the doctor or nurse the family, avoiding cigarettes and alcoholic beverages (including husbands are smokers), physical activity can be performed within normal limits, and also cleanliness especially personal genetalia should be maintained because during pregnancy there was an increase secretions.

The important thing to the Notice of Pregnant Women

1. Body weight and height. on the first visit of pregnant women need to be considered in accordance with the high weight and gestational age mother's body. If the mother's weight is less or more then locate and resolve the cause. Weight gain during pregnancy increases 0.5 kg per week or 6.5 kg to 16 kg during pregnancy. When the increase in body weight of less than 0.5 kg per week to note the existence of malnutrition, malabsorbsi, the use of alcohol, drugs or cigarettes. Watch the stunted fetal growth, placental insufficiency, the possibility of premature birth. Conversely, if the increase in body weight of more than 0.5 kg per week, note the presence of diabetes mellitus, multiple pregnancy, hidramnion or edema. Watch for macrosomia, disproportion sefalopelvik or distosia shoulder.
2. Blood Pressure. If the increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 30 mm Hg or reached ≥ 140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure increase of more than 15 mm Hg or achieving ≥ 90, consider the existence of pre eclampsia, eclampsia, or hypertension in pregnancy.
3. Fundus Height. Gland size would increase in line with gestational age. Fundus uteri particularly high increase in the third trimester.
4. Fetal Heart Sound. In addition to showing a baby in the womb, fetal heart sound can also be observed for diagnosis. Fetal heart sound is less than 120 beats per minute is called bradikardi and more than 160 beats per minute (tachycardia) when his mother showed that there was no fetal distress. If there are no fetal heart sounds at the back of the fetus so it must consider the existence of fetal death, hydatidiform mole or stunted fetal growth. Found that there are two heart sounds in a different place with a frequency difference of at least 10 beats per minute is one of multiple pregnancy definitive diagnosis.
5. Edema. lower leg edema in the last trimester may be the result of physiological but if accompanied by edema in the upper body like the face and arms, especially when followed by an increase in blood pressure, pre eclampsia is suspected.
6. Large and Fetal Position. fetuses that are smaller than gestational age may be caused stunted fetal growth or intrauterine fetal death. While if the fetus is larger than gestational age may be due makrosomia, molar pregnancies, or multiple pregnancy. After 34 weeks of pregnancy, normal fetal position is the elongated head downward. Abnormalities that can occur is the location of latitude, where the oblique or breech position (buttocks presentation).
7. Bleeding. in the first trimester may be a physiological thing, but a pathological namely abortion, ectopic pregnancy or hydatidiform mole. After 22 weeks of pregnancy, the bleeding that occurs is called ante partum hemorrhage, placenta previa and caused many solusio plasentae.

Preventing Recurrent Miscarriage Can Come

Like a double edged blade etched, expectant mothers who experience miscarriage suffered two wounds at once. Physical injuries and mental injuries. Not a few women who are experiencing pain, even repeatedly. If so, what is the solution?

                                                               figure via moosetracks

Easy to imagine how heavy the burden women who suffer miscarriages. Let alone repeatedly. Already then, still bombarded the outskirts of the various comments from both sides. That is not necessarily true. That's because "weak piglets," "implies a less powerful", "less rested" and other comments. mixed physical injury could hurt the related make desperate. Do not be confused, do not despair because the main thing you need to know exactly how that could happen recurrent miscarriage and also how to know early so they can be prevented.

Unbalanced Hormones

The first to be aware of indications. If you see symptoms such as rash accompanied sense of heartburn, just quickly to the doctor. With early treatment, either with the administration of drugs and bed rest, hopefully a miscarriage can be avoided. The next stage, that's the doctor who will give testimony. Cases of miscarriage is related to various factors. The content is weak according to obstetric and gynecology specialists, do not blame the uterus but there are also other causes such as hormonal imbalances that can be treated with hormonal therapy.

Through a test can be known whether someone has an imbalance of hormones or not. If the result is positive, the case of miscarriage usually can not be avoided. When the initial 1-3 months of pregnancy, the role of hormones is very important. If not balanced, resulting fetus is not growing. So, in order not recurrent miscarriage cases, it showed signs of pregnancy, those who have a history of miscarriages had immediate hormone therapy. Generally, the granting of hormone pills in early pregnancy.

If it's "less good seed", that's true because the quality of egg or sperm cells are not good enough so that the fetus is not formed normally and easily fall. Such cases often occur in women who become pregnant after age 35 years or the husband has been over 45 years. At that age, the quality of egg and sperm cells are not as good as when I was younger. But not as good seeds can also be caused by one partner suffers from chronic diseases. If pregnancy can not be sustained action is taken then that is a research physician. If that's the first miscarriage, handled should really clean. If not, will make the next pregnancy is difficult. Curette actions that are not really clean will lead to the existence of tissue remained. In such conditions as if the brain continues to receive a signal that she is still pregnant. As a result, the egg can not grow anymore.

In order to be pregnant again may be commercialized by undergoing curette again to remove remaining tissue. That way the egg is expected to grow fast again. According to experts, gynecology, if the miscarriage is only cleaned with just such improvised fingers tend to cause problems. In addition, the remaining network also lead to infection. Disturbances in pregnancy can also because the growth of cysts or benign tumors in the uterus that interfere with placental attachment. It is feared, the placenta is not getting enough blood shipments rations so that the fetus can only survive until the age of 2-3 months. Miscarriage at 2-3 months of age also can not be avoided if pregnancy occurs outside the womb, the fetus due to the fallopian tubes attached to the channel.

If a woman miscarried several times before but never managed to give birth could be due to a lot of scar tissue or connective tissue at the site of attachment of the placenta. This happens because when the first child it was poorly cleaned. As a result, blood that is sent to the placenta is inadequate. Even before the developing fetus because they do not wilt or less get the food supply. Actually, the placenta was clever to find a good place and safe. But this trend may not occur and it becomes a problem. In addition, different problems will emerge during the first pregnancy when her mother's cervix rupture. Because, in the next pregnancy the cervix is not strong anymore fetal weight-bearing which is increasingly large. Such cases are usually resolved by way of the cervix with a suture hook Shirodkar - like a bag of money that way long ago closed by pulling the end of the rope. Pregnant women who have experienced this kind of action is not recommended to do coitus between husband and wife during pregnancy. Entrapment that will last until it came time to give birth.

How about the news of the many women miscarry because of the virus in cats or bird droppings, called by toksoplamosis. In fact the pregnancy is interrupted virus, herpes, or toxo whether it can be said is still rare. More miscarriages caused by inflammation of the cervix or vagina due to a germ. But there is no harm if a pregnant woman is always on guard against any attack. One of them is not recommended for pregnant cats. This is not without reason because we know that cats are the true landlords of the parasite Toxoplasma, the disease causes toxoplasmosis. Sexual life cycle of the parasite Toxoplasma place in the intestine of cats and ended with the formation of oocysts - Rounded large cysts containing two small cysts which when broken will release the active parasites. Oocyst and then spread through cat feces. A cat can spend about 10 million oocysts per day for two weeks in the stool.

In addition to preventing contaminated with cat feces, pregnant mothers are also advised to avoid eating raw vegetables are not washed and is recommended only consume meat that is cooked until completely cooked. That showed symptoms when infected with toxo usually only in the form of enlarged lymph nodes, generally on the back of the neck and a slight fever, or does not show the slightest symptoms. What also needs to watch out for is if the virus rubella (German measles). Rubella is only making the sufferer feel a mild fever and red spots out. But do not be considered lightly when rubella to attack pregnant women. Without felt, until the fetus can be infected through the placenta. Until the contamination risk if the virus did not light. Pregnant women can experience miscarriage, infant defects, premature birth and even death. When a virus known to be infected during pregnancy, the doctor will usually only able to give medications, plus advice for sufferers to consume nutritious food and vitamins necessary to increase endurance. But that does not guarantee the fetus remains healthy.

Premature Birth and Infant Health Problems

Children are a precious gift to our generation. All parents want healthy children and when has become one of the most valuable to the environment or an individual successful. Many pregnant women who care about the fetus in the uterus, but some are not data from a variety of reasons. Sometimes, the woman who is less concerned that premature, but it may also occur in women who already take care of her pregnancy.

Apart from that, you know, the consequences if a child is born prematurely? These problems can be divided into two categories: 1). The immaturity of some specific organs, and (2) the volatility of the hemostatic system various regulatory agencies. Because of these effects of prematurity are rarely able to live if born more than 2.5 to three months before the deadline.

Almost all organs are immature in preterm infants, but it requires special attention to the lives of children born prematurely who want to be saved. The respiratory system is less likely. vital capacity and functional residual capacity in small lung mainly depending on the size of the child. Another problem in premature infants is adequate digestion and absorption of food. When a premature baby more than two months, the digestion and absorption system is almost always inadekuat. Absorption of fat is very bad that premature babies have low-fat diet. In addition, premature infants have difficulty with the absorption of calcium is not unusual, and can experience severe rikets before problems are identified. For this reason, special attention should be given to the inclusion of calcium and vitamin D if necessary.

The immaturity of other organs, often causing serious problems in premature babies are: (1). immaturity of the liver, leading to poor metabolism of intermedia and often often bleeding following the formation of clotting factors that bad, (2). renal immaturity, especially less able to remove the acid from the body as predisposing to severe acidosis is an imbalance of fluids, (3). mechanism of maturation of blood formation in the bone marrow, causing anemia, with rapid growth, and (4) emphasis on the creation of gamma globulin by the lymphatic system, which is often associated with severe infection .

Disminore and women

Disminore is pain before menstruation or during menstruation, to make these women can not work and had to sleep. Frequent pain in conjunction with nausea, headaches, feeling faint, irritability. Known the existence of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea.

Etiology

The exact cause of primary dysmenorrhea is not certain. Psychological factors thought to contribute significantly to the emergence of pain. Primary Disminore generally found in ovulating women with menstrual cycle. Common causes of secondary disminore is endometriosis and chronic infections of the internal genetalia.

Clinical Manifestations

Primary Disminore

1. Younger age

2. Arising after the occurrence of regular menstrual cycles.

3. Frequently in nulliparous.

4. Pain is often felt as seizures and spastic uterine

5. Pain arising precede menstruation and increased at the first or second day of menstruation.

6. There were no pathological condition pervik

7. Only occur in menstrual cycles ovulatorik

8. Often respond to treatment medikametosa

9. Examination of normal pervik

10. Often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and headache

Secondary Disminore

1. Older age

2. Tend to arise after two years regular menstrual cycles

3. Not related to the cycle with the parity

4. Pain is often felt continuously and blunt

5. Pain started during menstruation and increased simultaneously with the discharge of blood.

6. Associated with pelvic abnormalities

7. Not related to the ovulation

8. Often requires surgery

9. There is a pelvic abnormality

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made from the complaints that arise are always associated with menstruation. On suspicion of endometriosis or chronic infections should be a diagnostic laparoscopy.

Treatment

Remove the first organic disorders. If there is, treat in accordance with existing disorders. In women of fertile age to start first with spasmolitik or analgesics. In the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea is:

1. Antiprostaglandin

2. Giving progresteron course of the menstrual cycle day 5-10 to 5-25 milligrams per day. Treatment lasted  for months. After complaints of pain is reduced, given enough progesterone on day-16-25 to the menstrual cycle.

In secondary dysmenorrhea depends on its cause, namely:

- For treatment of endometriosis is carried out in accordance with the rules of the handling.

- For the infection, given antibiotics as appropriate.

Many Women Experience Premenstrual Tension

There are of course women will experience periods of menstruation every month until your menopause. Tension PMS is the complaints that usually begins one week until a few days before the arrival of menstruation and disappear after your period came even though sometimes continue until menstruation stopped.

                                                                 figure via pmsfactor

Etiology

Etiology of premenstrual tension are unclear, but possibly important factor is the imbalance of the hormones estrogen and progesterone with resistance due to fluid and sodium, weight gain, and sometimes edema. In connection with hormonal abnormalities, pre-menstrual tension there in the luteal deficiency and reduction of progesterone production.

Psychological factors, family problems, social problems, etc. is also one important factor and needs to be to do with the situation. women are more sensitive to hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle and to psychological factors will easily suffer from premenstrual tension.

Clinical Manifestations

Complaints consisted of emotional disturbances such as irritability, anxiety, insomnia, headache, flatulence, nausea, enlargement and pain in mammae, and so forth. Whereas in severe cases there will be a depression, a feeling of fear, impaired concentration, and increased physical symptoms that have been mentioned previously.

Treatment

Small dose of synthetic progesterone can be given for 8 to 10 days before menstruation. In addition, during the five days of diuretics could be beneficial. While the use of salt should be restricted and the daily drinking should also be reduced during the 7-10 days before menstruation. Treatment no less important is the provision of psychological therapy in patients.

Cervical Cancer, a Disease That Scary Woman

Perhaps the closest anyone of us who've died from cervical cancer, or maybe we just know a little about this disease. If you feel frightened women with this disease it is very reasonable indeed. But I suggest not too excessive. The most important thing for us is to know about the disease completely so that we can prevent it.

Cervical cancer is a gynecological carcinoma who suffered most women. Direct cause of uterine carcinoma is not known with certainty. Extrinsic factors associated with incidents of suspected carcinoma of the cervix uteri is smegma, a viral infection Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and spermatozoa. Cervical carcinoma arising in connection skuamokolumner cervix. Risk factors associated with cervical carcinoma is a form of sexual behavior and multiple sexual partners, parity, nutrition, smoking, and others. Carcinoma of the cervix can grow eksofitik, endophytic or ulcerative.

Investigations

There is some investigation that can be done to detect cervical cancer are:

1. Cytology by Pap Smear

2. Colposcopy

3. Sevikografi

4. Direct visual inspection

5. Gineskopi

6. Pap Net (with the results of the computerized examination is more sensitive).

Clinical Manifestations

From interviews with patients to gain the complaint metroragi, white or whitish purulent foul-smelling and not itchy, bleeding pasca coitus, spontaneous bleeding, and characteristic odor. Can also be found such as obstruction symptoms due to metastasis of urinary total vesica. In circumstances that further complaints will be found quickly tired, lose weight, and anemia. On physical examination, cervix can be palpated enlarged, irregular, and palpable tender. When tumors grew eksofitik the visible lesions on porsio or had reached the vagina. The diagnosis must be confirmed by histological examination and tissue obtained from biopsy.

Prognosis

Untreated cervical carcinoma or does not respond to treatment, 95 percent will experience a death in the two years after symptoms arise. Patients who had a hysterectomy and are at high risk of recurrence should continue to be supervised because it is through early detection can be treated with radiotherapy. After a radical hysterectomy, 80 percent of recurrences occur within two years.