Functions and Benefits of Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is the largest and most complex of all vitamins. Vitamin B12 is the generic name for a specific group of cobalt-containing corrinoids from biological activity in humans. What is interesting is the only known metabolite contains cobalt, which gives a water-soluble vitamin its red color. This group of corrinoids is also known as cobalamin. The principal cobalamins in humans and animals are hydroxocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin, the latter two are active coenzyme forms. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12, which is widely used clinically because of the availability and stability. Converted into active agents in the body.

 

In 1934, three researchers won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for discovering the exceptional properties of vitamin B12. It was found that the consumption of large quantities of raw liver, which contains large quantities of vitamin B12, can save the lives of patients with pernicious anemia previously incurable. This discovery allows you to save 10,000 people a year in the United States alone. Vitamin B12 was isolated from liver extract in 1948 and its structure was explained by seven years later.

Function

Vitamin B12 is essential for the formation of blood cells, nerves, and covers the various proteins. It is therefore essential to prevent certain forms of anemia and neurological disorders. He is also involved in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates and is essential for growth. In humans, the functions of vitamin B12 mainly as a coenzyme in intermediary metabolism. Two metabolic processes depend on the Vitamin B12:

 

1. The methionine synthase reaction with methylcobalamin
2. Methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction of adenosylcobalamin

In methylcobalamin form of vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthase directly, the enzyme that converts homocysteine back to methionine. There is evidence that vitamin B12 is essential for the synthesis of folate polyglutamates (active coenzymes necessary for development of neural tissue) and the regeneration of folic acid during the formation of red blood cells.

 

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase converts 1-methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl-CoA (reaction important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates). Adenosylcobalamin is also a coenzyme in the ribonucleotide reduction (which provides blocks for the synthesis of DNA).

 

Food Sources

Vitamin B12 is produced exclusively by microbial synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Therefore, the protein products of animal origin are a source of vitamin B12 in food, especially meat organs (liver, kidneys). Other good sources are fish, eggs and dairy products. Food, hydroxo-, methyl-and 5'-deoxyadenosyl Cbl-Cbl are the mainstream. Plant foods do not contain vitamin B12, except those from microbial contamination. The bacteria in the intestine synthesize vitamin B12, but not in normal conditions in the regions where absorption occurs.

 

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Vitamin K and Its Benefits

Vitamin K, found in some vegetables, beef and chicken livers, even in ourselves. Yes, we have the opportunity of vitamin K - and we do, creating a third of what we need - by the bacteria in our intestines. In this article we will discuss what is vitamin K, which explains why it is important that you do not find that and much more. Here is a brief overview of what we cover.

Definition

First recognized by the Danish scientist, in 1929, Vitamin K is a huge benefit for the body. Not only helps blood clotting, vitamin K also helps build strong bones, contributing to a protein called osteocalcin It binds calcium, vitamin K, which means it can play a role in preventing osteoporosis. Learn more about this important vitamin to this page.

Foods that contain vitamin K

Some vitamin K is produced naturally in the body by bacteria, but it is our duty to contain vitamin K in our diet too. More foods containing vitamin K, including green leafy vegetables, spinach poor, broccoli, lettuce and beef, chicken, pork liver. Green tea is an excellent source of vitamin K. In this section you will learn which foods are the best source of vitamin K.

Vitamin k deficiency

Despite a healthy diet, vitamin K is sometimes down. liver disease or urinary bladder or gastrointestinal disease that interferes with the absorption of fat can cause a deficiency. So, the long-term antibiotic treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Infants are born without the bacteria necessary to create vitamin K Discover what factors may contribute to a lack of vitamin K.

Vitamin K intake

As in the case of newborns, some or liver disease, gallbladder or gastrointestinal patients, supplementation with vitamin K is sometimes necessary. But how much and who needs it? In this section, we examine the reasons why children receive vitamin K right after birth and who else will look for vitamin K. Too much vitamin K is toxic, reportedly is the key.

Benefits of vitamin K

Vitamin K plays an important role in the body - blood clotting and help to help retain calcium, which helps prevent osteoporosis. However, its value as a vitamin was not always known.

The importance of a power factor of blood coagulation first recognized by the Danish scientist. In 1929, reported that chicks fed a diet lacking a specific dietary factor hemorrhage. Blood clots slowly to control the bleeding. There is a lack of vitamin K factor

People who have problems absorbing fat, so vitamin K, including those on long-term antibiotic treatment may need to take supplements of vitamin K. When the time is slow blood clotting, vitamin K is given before surgery to prevent excessive bleeding.

Because of the ability of vitamin K to assist in the production of osteocalcin, calcium helps keep bones, or prevention of osteoporosis.

Women who have heavy periods, sometimes obtain relief supplement the diet of vitamin K. Even if the level of this vitamin in the blood is within normal range, supplements to reduce excessive bleeding in some women.

Several small studies have also shown benefits for pregnant women. Small additional doses of 50 mg reduces the nausea often associated with the first trimester of pregnancy.

Vitamin K is in many foods. We will discuss foods that are best and how much you need in the next section.

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Benefits of Vitamin D For Your Body

Vitamin D is essential for the proper functioning of the body. It is fat-soluble vitamin that regulates calcium and phosphorus in the blood and helps to absorb these minerals in food in the intestine. also manages the re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys. The sun is the main source of vitamin D in our body. Currently, products such as milk, orange juice, cereals fortified with vitamin D, to remedy the situation. Low levels of vitamin D may be a lot of vitamin D deficiency symptoms are sometimes difficult to interpret.

 

Vitamin D inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone, a hormone that causes bone resorption. also helps to avoid the risk of many diseases like cancer, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D with calcium and phosphate in normal blood, and thus promote bone health. People who have low levels of vitamin D in the body, and the lack of sufficient calcium, the body begins to extract calcium from bones. Vitamin D is needed for strong bones and teeth, and bodily functions. Vitamin D may also have other benefits, such as muscles and improving immune function, but these areas requires further study.

 

Recent studies suggest that Finland and more levels of vitamin D are associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. low sunlight led to a chronic lack of nutrients, vitamin D. For the first time, scientists at the National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, the theory that Parkinson's "may be caused by insufficient vitamin D always leads to a chronic loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. "At the risk of Parkinson's disease, as levels of influence of vitamin D can not be explained by scientists, but they said that nutrients, has shown that to exert a protective effect on the brain through an antioxidant action, regulation of calcium levels, detoxification, modulation of the immune system and increase neuronal conduction of electricity.

 

Sources of vitamin D

 

Under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is found in the skin. The required amount of sunlight to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D depends on the person, age, color, sun exposure, and underlying medical problems. On aging, the production of vitamin D decreases the skin. In addition, people who need more darker skin exposure to sunlight to synthesize enough vitamin D, especially in the winter months.

 

Food is another important source of vitamin D, which can occur naturally (in fatty fish, cod liver oil, and [less] eggs). In the market enriched cow's milk is the largest source of vitamin D in the diet, containing approximately 100 IU of vitamin D for 8 oz. To estimate the dose of vitamin D, you can multiply the number of glasses of milk consumed per day by 100 (2 cup milk = 200 IU vitamin D). Cereals and bread are often fortified with vitamin D. The cod liver oil contains vitamin D, but also contain high doses of vitamin A and vitamin excessive consumption may be associated with side effects including liver damage and bone.

 

Causes of vitamin D below

The main causes of low vitamin D are: Lack of vitamin D in the diet, often in combination with insufficient exposure to sunlight

• Inability to process vitamin D because of kidney or liver
• inability to absorb vitamin D in the intestine

Inadequate intake:

 

Infants, children and the elderly are exposed to low levels of vitamin D due to insufficient vitamin D. Human milk has low levels of vitamin D in infants and most do not contain enough vitamin D. Consequently, children are exposed to low levels of vitamin D. Older people are exposed to low levels of vitamin D because of inadequate intake of foods rich in vitamin D, and even when we eat, the absorption may be limited.

 

Sun exposure is not enough:

 

Infants and children are often recommended by their parents to avoid exposure to sunlight, which reduces the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. As a source of vitamin D in sunlight is not available for infants and young children because of potential long-term skin cancer.

 

People who have limited sunlight are also at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially in people with darker skin. In addition, the reduction of vitamin D in the skin and stored in the body in the process of aging. In the summer of repeated use of sunscreen blocks vitamin D synthesis.

 

Illness or surgery that affects the absorption of fat:

 

body's ability to absorb adequate amounts of vitamin D through the gastrointestinal tract is affected certain diseases, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease and cystic fibrosis.

 

Operation to eliminate or avoid part of the stomach or intestines can also lead to low levels of vitamin D. Gastric bypass is an example of this type of surgery.

 

Kidneys and Liver

 

Liver and kidneys contain important enzymes, which convert sunlight into vitamin D or food to a biologically active form of vitamin D. People with chronic kidney disease and liver failure, so that these enzymes have an increased risk of vitamin D. low

 

familial diseases that weaken the liver or kidney enzymes that produce biologically active form of the vitamin, are less common causes of vitamin D. Therefore, the number of active vitamin D is produced in the body lack.

 

Low level of potential complications of vitamin D in the body

Vitamin D plays an important role in many places throughout the body, including the development and calcification of bones. Low levels of vitamin D affect bone (skeletal) body. Low blood calcium (hypocalcemia), low phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia), rickets (softening of bones in children) and osteomalacia (softening of bones in adults) are the most serious complications of deficiency vitamin D in the body. These complications have become less popular over time, because many foods and beverages were added vitamin D.

 

Rickets:

 

Rickets is a childhood disease of the body is characterized by slow growth and long bone deformities, such as the bones of the leg. The condition of the bone caused by deficiency of calcium and vitamin D in infancy. It can have very serious effects on bone development. Fortified milk is often prescribed by doctors for people suffering from rickets.

 

Osteomalacia:

 

In adults, low vitamin D can cause bone thinning, referred to osteomalacia. It is characterized by bone fragility and proximal muscle weakness that can even do harm. inadequate consumption of food or defective metabolism of vitamin D and calcium (calcium deficiency symptoms) is the leading cause of osteomalacia.

 

Osteoporosis : 

 

Low levels of vitamin D can cause other diseases, osteoporosis. Adult women are more affected by this disease. This condition is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and increased bone fragility. Increases the risk of fractures in osteoporosis. Osteoporotic fractures occur in a small amount of stress and occur in a typical fracture of the spine, hip and wrist.

 

The diagnosis of low levels of vitamin D in the body:

A blood test called the 25 hydroxyvitamin D or 25OHD (OH = hydroxy vitamin D = D) can be diagnosed with low levels of vitamin D in the body. Despite the absence of a formal definition of vitamin D deficiency, some groups use the following values in adults:

• Normal levels of vitamin D: 25OHD concentration above 30 ng / ml (75 nmol / L)
• Vitamin D deficiency: concentration of 25OHD 20-30 ng (/ 50 ml to 75 nmol / L)
• Vitamin D deficiency: 25OHD level below 20 ng / ml (50 nmol / L)

Who needs a study on the level of vitamin D?

 

The diagnosis of low levels of vitamin D is not proposed for each. This test can be recommended for people who are connected at home or in residential long-term care (eg nursing home) if the person has a disease that increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, and for each of osteoporosis or low trauma fracture (ie fracture after a fall in orders), calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) or phosphate (hypophosphatemia).

 

Treatment with vitamin D deficiency

Supplements of vitamin D:

 

In the treatment of vitamin D deficiency or kidney disease, many types of preparations of vitamin D are available. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and vitamin D3 cholecalciferol () are two commonly available forms of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 is the natural form of vitamin and can raise the levels of vitamin D more effectively. Yes, it is usually recommended, rather than vitamin D2.

 

People who have diseases or conditions that prevent normal absorption of vitamin D (eg, kidney or liver), the recommended dose of vitamin D will be determined individually.

 

People who have vitamin D levels are normal (> 30 ng / mL [≥ 75 nmol / L]) at a dose of 800 days IU of vitamin D is recommended.

 

Presence of vitamin D is significantly reduced by exposure to sunlight and milk products with vitamin D.

 

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Vitamin C is Water Soluble

Vitamin C is water soluble, and probably the most famous of all vitamins. Even before its discovery in 1932, the doctor decided that there must be an association of citrus fruits in preventing scurvy, a disease that has killed nearly 2 million sailors between 1500 and 1800. Later, scientists discovered that humans, other primates and pigs Guinea are dependent on external sources to support the needs of vitamin C. Most other animals can synthesize vitamin C from glucose and galactose in their bodies.

Function

The most important role of vitamin C is the resistance of a stimulant, which is important for defense against infections such as colds. It also acts as an inhibitor of histamine, a substance that is released during allergic reactions. As a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize harmful free radicals and neutralize the impurities and toxins. In this way, is able to prevent the formation of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach (due to consumption of foods containing nitrites, smoked meat). Importantly, vitamin C is also able to regenerate other antioxidants like vitamin E. Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, the intercellular "cement" substance, which gives the structure of muscle, vascular tissue, bones, tendons and ligaments. Because of these functions, vitamin C, especially in combination with zinc, is important for the healing of wounds. Vitamin C contributes to the health of your teeth and gums, bleeding and prevent bleeding. It also affects the absorption of iron from food, and is necessary for the metabolism of bile acids, which can affect cholesterol levels in blood and gallstones. In addition, vitamin C plays an important role in the synthesis of several peptide hormones and neurotransmitters important and carnitine. Finally, vitamin C is also a key factor in the ability of the eyes to cope with oxidative stress, and may retard the progression of advanced age, macular degeneration (AMD) and vision loss in combination with other antioxidant vitamins and zinc.

 

Main features in brief:

• Stimulation of the immune system
• Antiallergic
• Antioxidant
• "Cement" for the fabric
• Wound Healing
• Healthy teeth and gums
• Iron absorption AIDS
• Healthcare

Food Sources

Vitamin C is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits, blackcurrants, peppers, green vegetables (eg broccoli, Brussels sprouts) and fruits like strawberries, guavas, mangoes and kiwi fruit are particularly rich sources. On the basis of quantity, consumption of potatoes, cabbage, spinach and tomatoes is also important. Depending on the season, a medium size glass of freshly squeezed orange juice (100 g) gave 15-35 mg of vitamin C.

  

Absorption and Body Shops

The absorption of vitamin C depends on the quantity of consumption decreases with increasing dose. At the entrance of 30-180 milligrams, or about 70% to 90% is absorbed, about 50% in a single dose of 1 to 1.5 grams absorbed, and only 16% in a single dose of 12 grams is absorbed. For about 500 milligrams of sodium are absorbed by active transport process dependent, and higher doses, followed by simple diffusion.

 

Capacity of water-soluble vitamins are generally small compared to those of fat-soluble. People on average in The Body Shop Vitamin C 20 mg / kg body weight. The highest concentration is in the pituitary gland (400 mg / kg) and other tissues with high concentrations of adrenal glands, liver, brain and white blood cells (leukocytes).

  

Steps

Vitamin C can be measured in plasma and other tissues of the body through various techniques. Strips also estimate the level of vitamin C in the urine are available. Less gratifying, however, is to evaluate the analytical data to accurately reflect the state of the organism. Threshold values are difficult to define and the subject of controversial debate. Plasma concentrations typical of the range of 20-100 mmol / L.

 

Stability

Vitamin C is sensitive to heat, light and oxygen. Food can be partially or totally destroyed by long storage or container. The cooling can significantly reduce the loss of vitamin C in foods.

 

Interaction

 

Positive interactions

The presence of other antioxidants like vitamin E and beta-carotene, strengthens the protective effect of vitamin C. antioxidant vitamins like other B complex (especially B6, B12, folic acid and pantothenic acid) and pharmacologically active substances, as well as naturally occurring compounds known as bioflavonoids may affect savings on vitamin C.

 

Negative Impacts

Because of toxic compounds in the smoke, the requirement of vitamin C in smokers is 35 mg / day than non-smokers. Also a number of pharmacologically active compounds, including some antidepressants, diuretics, oral contraceptives and aspirin, tissue damage of vitamin C applies to certain habits, like alcohol.

 

Deficiency

The first symptoms of vitamin C is very general and can also indicate other diseases. These include fatigue, tiredness, loss of appetite, drowsiness and insomnia, feeling degraded, irritability, low resistance to infection and petechiae (small hemorrhages capillaries). severe lack of vitamin C causes scurvy, characterized by a weakening of collagen structures, resulting in severe bleeding capillaries. Infantile scurvy causes bone deformities. Bleeding gums and loosening teeth are usually the first clinical signs of scarcity. cause bleeding in the tenderness of the skin and extreme pain in the extremities during movement. If not treated, gangrene and death may occur. At the moment, which is rare in developed countries and can be prevented by daily intake of 10-15 mg of vitamin C. However, for optimal physiological functioning of much larger amounts are needed.

 

Development of a lack of vitamin C may be caused by:

• Inadequate storage and preparation of food
• Gastrointestinal
• Stress and exercise
• Infections
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Pregnancy and lactation

Disease Prevention and Therapeutic

Dozens of prospective studies indicate that vitamin C plays a role in preventing many diseases. It is also used to treat certain diseases of orthomolecular medicine. As this element is essential for many diseases, some of them are presented here in detail.

 

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (heart disease and stroke)

Data from the CVD-protective benefits of vitamin C are incompatible. In some studies failed to find a significant reduction in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), many prospective cohort studies have found relationships between the inverse of vitamin C intake or vitamin C and risk of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin C may protect the coronary arteries by reducing plaque accumulation, because it prevents oxidation of LDL ("bad" cholesterol), especially in combination with vitamin E. Some of the data showed that vitamin C can also increase blood levels of HDL ("good" cholesterol), which is also considered positive for heart disease prevention. The risk of stroke may be reduced by taking vitamin C for fruit, vegetables and supplements. However, because of data incompatibility and lack of specificity of vitamin C, the interpretation of these results is difficult.

 

Cancer

The role of vitamin C in cancer prevention has been widely studied, and so far there is no beneficial effect has been demonstrated for breast, prostate or lung cancer. However, several studies related to high intakes of vitamin C with a reduced incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract, cervix, ovary, bladder and large intestine. The study revealed a significant reduction in cancer risk, it is recommended that consumption of at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Five servings of fruits and vegetables the most benefits of more than 200 mg of vitamin C per day. Only a significant reduction in risk of cancer has been detected in people who eat at least 80-110 mg of vitamin C per day.

 

Cold

Many studies have shown a general lack of impact of prophylactic vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of colds, but showed modest gains in terms of duration and severity of episodes of some groups, especially those exposed physical stress or cold. Improving the cold after supplementation of vitamin C may be due to the use of anti-mega doses of vitamin C.

 

Wound Healing

During the postoperative period, or during the healing of wounds, the extra vitamin C helps prevent infections and promote skin repair.

 

Blood Pressure

Several studies have shown blood pressure-lowering medications supplementation with vitamin C 500 mg per day because of improved vasodilation.

 

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The recommended daily dose of vitamin C varies according to age, risk group between the sexes, and the criteria used in different countries. U.S. RDA of vitamin C were recently increased to 90 mg / day for men and 75 mg / day for women, based on pharmacokinetic data. For smokers, the RDAs are increased by an additional 35 mg / day. Large amounts of vitamin C are recommended for pregnant women (85 mg / day) and lactating (120 mg / day). ADRs are a similar extent in other countries. Recent evidence shows respect for maintaining optimal health in the region of 100 mg per day.

 

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Vitamin A, Essential For Healthy Eyes

To maintain eye health, vitamin A is an important nutrient. Our body is vitamin A when we eat foods containing this vitamin. Vitamin A deficiency causes eye disease. It was found that vitamin A deficiency is the most important reason to prevent childhood blindness. Those most at risk are children from six months to six years, pregnant and lactating women.

What is the importance of vitamin A to the eye? Vitamin A maintains healthy cells in various structures of the eye, it is necessary to convert light into nerve signals in the eye called the retina. When vitamin A is not available for the body, gradual changes begin to affect the eye. The first symptom is a problem when a child or a pregnant or breastfeeding, it is difficult to adjust to see in the dark. This condition is called night blindness.

Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin A deficiency develops slowly, causing more damage to the eye, as the days pass. This condition is called Xerophthalmia, which is a series of disorders that affect the eyes.

Symptoms
Night Blindness

A child can not see in the dark or dusk. Night blindness also occurs in pregnant women, in some cases, particularly in the last trimester of pregnancy when the vitamin A needs are increased.

Bitot's Spots

These are mosses and cheese-like whitish tissue that grow around the eye, causing severe dry eye. These sites do not affect vision in the light of day.

Blindness

When the dry eyes, eye becomes very sensitive and begins to scratch and scar. Swelling of the eyelids and sticky. This eventually leads to blindness. Once blindness occurs, it can not be undone.

Other symptoms of deficiency

When the body has no vitamin A, the immune system to infection and disease do not work very well. Consequently, children suffer vitamin A deficiency more frequently much more time to recover and are more likely to die. Problems with bones and teeth may also occur more frequently. Examples of symptoms may

Therefore, it is important to recognize symptoms and take action. The most important thing to avoid in the first place. As with other disorders of the shortage, "Prevention is better than cure". Lack of understanding and vitamins the body needs help.

Ways to prevent vitamin A deficiency:

To effectively reduce vitamin A deficiency, measures short-and long-term action. The main objective is to provide an appropriate dose of vitamin A, which prevents vitamin deficiency.

Different approaches are:

1. Breastfeeding
2. Vitamin A
3. Fortification
4. Promotion of food rich in vitamins now examine these approaches in more detail

Breastfeeding

Basis for health throughout begins in childhood. Breast milk is a natural source of vitamin A. The best way for children to vitamin A is through breast milk. Promoting breast feeding is like planting seeds in the early protection.

Vitamin A supplementation

Vitamin A supplementation linked to two times per year consumption of high doses of vitamin A drops and syrup in children aged 6 months to 6 years. Shortly after birth, mothers are also given vitamin supplements. Programs for the management of vitamin A are widely used in many countries. Several countries provide vitamin A during the camps, polio, immunization against measles, immunization and NIDs. It is important for families with children in the camps receive vitamin A. If camps are not organized, they can request information on their health center nearest you.

Fortification

In some countries, vitamin A is added to foods such as oil, sugar, milk and flour. This allows vitamin A, when a normal diet does not contain enough vitamins.

Promotion of food rich in vitamins

For a long period of influence, it is always good to know the natural source of vitamin A and consumption of these products, if possible.

The source of vitamins

Sources of vitamin A can be divided into two groups: one is the source of animal origin, and the second is the source of vegetables. Vitamin A is better absorbed from animal sources, but if you can not always afford to feed and vitamins from plant sources are also important.

Examples of food sources for animals are:

• Liver
• Fish liver oil
• Yolk
• Milk and milk products
• Milk
• Butter

Examples of small fish from plant sources, are:

• Dark green leaves
• Yellow and orange vegetables (eg carrots, sweet potatoes, yams, yellow)
• Yellow and orange fruits (papaya, for example, mango)
• Red palm oil

What can you share with your family and your friends?

• Vitamin A is important for the health and well-being of the eye and other body functions
• The human body needs 500-600 milligrams per day of vitamin A
• Increased consumption of the body of vitamin A, to cook foods with fat or oil
• Vitamin A in foods of animal origin, vegetables and foods
• Fruit and vegetables growing in home gardens
• Make sure that all children 6 months to 6 years of supplementation with vitamin A twice a year. Contact your health center nearest when and where to get vitamin supplements.
• If you are experiencing in the first symptoms of vitamin A for night blindness, emergency

Did you know?

• For thousands of years, the liver was used as a cure for blindness, but only in the early 20th century, it was discovered that the liver is rich in vitamin A, which is essential for eye health.
• Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) causes 350,000 children become blind every year. Approximately 140 million children in 118 countries, deficient in vitamins. 1-4 child deaths are caused by a vitamin deficiency. 30% of blindness caused by vitamin deficiency. 600,000 women die during childbirth because of complications related to VAD.

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